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Qualdomailor, today, is a linguistically and religiously homogeneous country, with 96% of its inhabitants being religiously [[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlti]]. Historically predominantly inhabited by the Qualdomelics, in the half century since the Kaiṣamā era there has been a steady influx of Chlouvānem people, so that 81.5% of its population is Qualdomelic, 17% Chlouvānem, and the remaining 1.5% of other ethnic backgrounds. Qualdomelic is the only nationwide official language - [[Chlouvānem]] is only official in the four southern regions, but it is widely spoken as a L2 also by native Qualdomelics due to its status as lingua franca of the Eastern bloc and sacred language of the Yunyalīlta. At the last census in 6418 (six years ago), the population amounted to 39,838,427 people; according to more recent estimates, it has grown to slightly more than 40 million people.
Qualdomailor, today, is a linguistically and religiously homogeneous country, with 96% of its inhabitants being religiously [[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlti]]. Historically predominantly inhabited by the Qualdomelics, in the half century since the Kaiṣamā era there has been a steady influx of Chlouvānem people, so that 81.5% of its population is Qualdomelic, 17% Chlouvānem, and the remaining 1.5% of other ethnic backgrounds. Qualdomelic is the only nationwide official language - [[Chlouvānem]] is only official in the four southern regions, but it is widely spoken as a L2 also by native Qualdomelics due to its status as lingua franca of the Eastern bloc and sacred language of the Yunyalīlta. At the last census in 6418 (six years ago), the population amounted to 39,838,427 people; according to more recent estimates, it has grown to slightly more than 40 million people.


<!-- ==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
SaKalurilut is written in its own, alphabetic script (called ''sakallana ngaSulurilut''), which is a derivative of an older form of the [[Skyrdagor|Skyrdegan script]], a script it retains a large degree of mutual intelligibility with, despite a few differences through further simplifications the Skyrdegan script underwent and a different printing and typesetting style (the Kalurilut script is characterized by more curved lines).
Qualdomailor is written in its own, alphabetic script (called ''ta Whaldewmẹlje sa šowsẹ''), which is a derivative of an older form of the [[Skyrdagor|Skyrdegan script]], a script it retains a large degree of mutual intelligibility with, despite a few differences through further simplifications the Skyrdegan script underwent and a different printing and typesetting style (the Qualdomelic script is characterized by more curved lines).
 
Qualdomelic orthography is morphophonemic and, to some extent, etymological. In the following table, only the most common, non-mutated spelling for each phoneme is given.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Kalurilut has a rather small consonant inventory, with only twelve ''native'' consonants; every Kalurilut dialect, however, adds at least /ʃ/ in loans due to its high occurrence in loans from Skyrdagor and Chlouvānem; many dialects, including the standard one, also add /h/ mainly from the same sources.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width: 68px; " |
! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Dentoalveolar !! Alveolopalatal !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
|-
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! Nasals
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
| '''m''' m || || '''n''' n || || || || '''ŋ''' ŋ || ||
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
|-
!Nasal
! Plosives
| m
| '''p''' p<br/>'''b''' b || || '''t''' t<br/>'''d''' d || || || || '''c''' k<br/>'''g''' g || '''q''' q ||
|  
| n
|  
|  
| ŋ
|  
|  
|-
|-
!Plosive
! Affricates
| p
| || || '''ț''' ts<br/>'''x''' dz || || || || || ||
|  
| t
|  
|  
| k
| q
|  
|-
|-
!Fricative
! Fricatives
| [ɸ]
| || '''f''' f<br/>'''v''' v || '''s''' s<br/>'''z''' z || '''š''' ʃ<br/>'''ž''' ʒ || || || '''ch''' x<br/>'''γ''' ɣ || || '''h''' h
|  
| s
| (ʃ)
| [çː]
|  
| ʁ
| (h)
|-
|-
!Approximant
! Approximants
|  
| || || '''r''' r <br/>'''l''' l || || '''ṛ''' ɽ || '''lj''' ʎ || || ||
| ʋ
|  
|  
| j
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
!Lateral app.
! Semivowels
|  
| || || || || || '''j''' j || '''w''' w || ||
|  
| l
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
|}
This inventory is strictly based on the standard dialect of Kalurilut, spoken in ''iRunguunap'' (and thus sometimes called ''saRunguunap''), the region of central-northern iKalurilut along the ''iPiarunngit'' river. Many dialects, especially in the south, as well as those spoken in areas where Kalurilut speakers are a minority, keep the voicing contrast in loanwords. In some western dialects, there is progressive voicing assimilation so that a word like ''naasimiartut'' (republic), pronounced [naːsimiaχˈtut] with regressive (de)voicing of the /ʁt/ cluster in the standard dialect (and in most Kalurilut ones), is pronounced [naːsimiaʁˈdut].


In ''saRunguunap'' or Standard saKalurilut, the affricate [t͡s], which usually only appears as an allophone of /tt/ before /i(ː)/ and of /ss/ before /i(ː) u(ː)/, may be considered phonemic due to its presence in a few Chlouvānem and Skyrdagor loanwords (e.g. ''natsukai'' (petroleum) < Chl. ''natsukai'').
Notable instances of allophony:
 
* /r/ is [ɾ] after consonants (e.g. ''γrămaț'' "language" [ɣɾəˈmats]);
[ɸ] appears as an allophone of /p/ after /ʁ/ and - as [ɸː] - of the sequence /ʋʋ/. [çː] is an allophone of /jj/. These sounds are romanized as '''f(f)''' and '''ḥḥ''', even if they are not distinguished in the native script.
* /l/ is [ɫ] before consonants (e.g. ''mălpa'' "room" [ˈməɫpa]) and geminate /ll/ is [ɬː] (e.g. ''Arvallivăt'' [arˈvaɬːivət]).


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Kalurilut has a standard three-vowel system with length distinction. /e o/ are loaned vowels, appearing in loanwords, mostly from Skyrdagor and Chlouvānem, which entered the language in the last fifty years.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; " |
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
!High
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
| i iː || || u uː
|-
|-
! Mid
! High
| (e) || || (o)
| '''i''' i || || '''u''' u
|-
! High-mid
| '''e''' e || '''ă''' ə || '''o''' o
|-
! Low-mid
| ''ẹ''' ɛ || || '''ọ''' ɔ
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| || a aː ||  
| || '''a''' a ||
|}
|}


Allophonic presence of [e o] in native words is found in many Western Kalurilut dialects (thus not in ''saRunguunap''), as allophones of /i u/ (not /iː uː/) before uvular or glottal consonants.
Diphthongs are typically categorized depending on their first element:
* a-: /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ '''aj aw'''
* ɛ-: /ɛɪ̯ ɛʊ̯ ɛə̯/ '''ej ew eă'''
* ɔ-: /ɔɪ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɔə̯/ '''oj ow oă'''
* ə-: /əɪ̯ əʊ̯/ '''ăj ăw'''
* i-: /iə̯/ '''iă'''
* u-: /uə̯/ '''uă'''
 
Hiatuses are usually permitted - see e.g. ''căiši'' "<small>N/M.PL/F.PL</small> of" /kəˈiʃi/, ''nănngiup'' "passage" /nəŋːiˈup/.
 
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Line 196: Line 166:


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
The saKalurilut syllable structure is (C)(/j ʋ/)V(C), where '''V''' can be any long or short vowel. Different adjacent vowels are phonologically in distinct syllables.
Word-finally, the only possible consonants are /m n ŋ p t k q/.


===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
A striking feature of saKalurilut is the assimilation and dissimilation of neighboring consonants - typically, the second consonant prevails, unless the first is '''m''' or '''q''', but there are exceptions:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! C_ ↓ / _C → !! m !! n !! ng !! p !! t !! k !! q !! s !! r !! v !! j !! l
|-
! m
| rowspan=8 | mm || mm || nng || colspan=3 | mm || nng || tt || rm || ff<br/>/ʋʋ/ || mj || mm
|-
! n
| nn || rowspan=7 | nng || rowspan=5 | pp || rowspan=4 | tt || rowspan=5 | kk || rowspan=2 | ngr || ss || rn || nv || nj || rowspan=5 | ll<br/>[ɬː]
|-
! ng
| nng || rs || ngr || ngv || ngj
|-
! p
| rowspan=6 | nn || rowspan=3 | qq || rowspan=5 | ss || rowspan=3 | rr || rowspan=4 |  ff<br/>/ʋʋ/ || ḥḥ<br/>/jj/<br/>[çː]
|-
! t
| ts<br/>/tj/
|-
! k
| kt || kj
|-
! q
| colspan=4 | qq || qq || ḥḥ<br/>/jj/<br/>[çː] || qq
|-
! s
| pp || tt || kk || qq || rr || ss || sj || rowspan=5 | ll<br/>[ɬː]
|-
! r
| rm || ngr || rf<br/>/ʁp/ || rt || rk || rq || rs || rr || rv || rj
|-
! v
| rowspan=3 | mm || rowspan=3 | nn || rowspan=3 | nng || rowspan=3 | pp || rowspan=3 | tt || rowspan=3 | kk || rowspan=3 | qq || rowspan=3 | ss || rowspan=3 | rr || rowspan=2 | ff<br/>/ʋʋ/ || ngj
|-
! j
| ḥḥ<br/>/jj/<br/>[çː]
|-
! l
| tt || lj
|}
Note that /ss/ is written '''ts''' and pronounced [t͡s] before /i(ː) u(ː)/; the same is also valid for /tt/ before /i(ː)/ as well as for the sequence /tj/.
This table only applies to saRunguumap; different dialects may have different realizations, which in some cases have been imported as distinct words into the standard language - e.g. the city of ''iKaannaliut'' in northern iKalurilut, meaning "Shark Bay" (-kaan-valiut) - in the standard dialect it would have been iKaanvaliut with [-nʋ-] instead of [-nn-].


==Morphology==
<!-- ==Morphology==
===Noun classes===
===Noun classes===
Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects.
Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects.
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