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==Numerals - Mālendān == | ==Numerals - Mālendān == | ||
Chlouvānem is one of the few human Calemerian languages - together with all other [[Lahob languages]] and a few ones of the southern hemisphere - with a pure duodecimal number system. | Chlouvānem is one of the few human Calemerian languages - together with all other [[Lahob languages]] and a few ones of the southern hemisphere - with a pure duodecimal number system. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 0 | ! 0 | ||
| 0 || '''ajrā''' || <small>''(ajrāyende)''</small> || <small>''( | | 0 || '''ajrā''' || <small>''(ajrāyende)''</small> || <small>''(ajrāsnah)''</small> || <small>''(ajrehaicē)''</small> || <small>''(lājrā)''</small> || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| 2 || '''dani'''|| hælinaika || | | 2 || '''dani'''|| hælinaika || daniatām || danihaicē || danihæl<br/>lādani || hælinaivāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| 3 || '''pāmvi''' || pāmvende || | | 3 || '''pāmvi''' || pāmvende || pāmvyatām || pāmvihaicē || pāmvihæl<br/>lāpāmvi || pāmvendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| 4 || '''nęlte''' || nęltende || | | 4 || '''nęlte''' || nęltende || nęltitām || nęltehaicē || nęltehæl<br/>lānęlte || nęltendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| 5 || '''šulka''' || šulkende || | | 5 || '''šulka''' || šulkende || šulkatām || šulkhaicē || lāšulka || šulkendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| 6 || '''tulūɂa''' || tulūɂende || | | 6 || '''tulūɂa''' || tulūɂende || tulūɂatām || tulūɂihaicē || lātulūɂa || tulūɂendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| 7 || '''chīka''' || chīcænde || | | 7 || '''chīka''' || chīcænde || chīcætām || chīcihaicē || lāchīka || chīcændvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| 8 || '''tītya''' || tītyende || | | 8 || '''tītya''' || tītyende || tītyatām || tītihaicē || lātītya || tītyendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| 9 || '''moja''' || mojende || | | 9 || '''moja''' || mojende || mojatām || mojihaicē || lāmoja || mojendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ᘔ | ! ᘔ | ||
| 10 || '''tålda''' || tåldende || | | 10 || '''tålda''' || tåldende || tåldatām || tåldihaicē || lātålda || tåldendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ɛ | ! Ɛ | ||
| 11 || '''vælden''' || vældinde || | | 11 || '''vælden''' || vældinde || vælditām || vældihaicē || lāvælden || vældindvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| 12 || '''māmei''' || māminde || | | 12 || '''māmei''' || māminde || māmintām || māmeihaicē || lāmāmei || māmindvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| 13 || '''lelimaye''' || lelimayinde || | | 13 || '''lelimaye''' || lelimayinde || lelimaintām || lelimaihaicē || lālelimaye || lelimayindvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 12 | ! 12 | ||
| 14 || '''danimaye''' || danimayinde || | | 14 || '''danimaye''' || danimayinde || danimaintām || danimaihaicē || lādanimaye || danimayindvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 13 | ! 13 | ||
| 15 || '''pamihælī''' || pamihælīnde || | | 15 || '''pamihælī''' || pamihælīnde || pamihælītām || pamihælīhaicē || lāpamihælī || pamihælīndvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 14 | ! 14 | ||
| 16 || '''māminęlte'''|| māminęltende || | | 16 || '''māminęlte'''|| māminęltende || māminęltitām || māminęltehaicē || lāmāminęlte || māmiynęltendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 15 | ! 15 | ||
| 17 || '''māmišulka''' || māmišulkende || | | 17 || '''māmišulka''' || māmišulkende || māmišulkatām || māmišulkhaicē || lāmāmišulka || māmišulkendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 16 | ! 16 | ||
| 18 || '''māmivælka''' || māmivælkende || | | 18 || '''māmivælka''' || māmivælkende || māmivælkatām || māmivælkihaicē || lāmāmivælka || māmivælkendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 17 | ! 17 | ||
| 19 || '''māmichīka''' || māmichīcænde || | | 19 || '''māmichīka''' || māmichīcænde || māmichīcætām || māmichīcihaicē || lāmāmichīka || māmichīcændvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 18 | ! 18 | ||
| 20 || '''māmitītya''' || māmitītyende || | | 20 || '''māmitītya''' || māmitītyende || māmitītyatām || māmitītihaicē || lāmāmitītya || māmitītyendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 19 | ! 19 | ||
| 21 || '''māmimoja''' || māmimojende || | | 21 || '''māmimoja''' || māmimojende || māmimojatām || māmimojihaicē || lāmāmimoja || māmimojendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1ᘔ | ! 1ᘔ | ||
| 22 || '''māmitålda''' || māmitåldende || | | 22 || '''māmitålda''' || māmitåldende || māmitåldatām || māmitåldihaicē || lāmāmitålda || māmitåldendvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1Ɛ | ! 1Ɛ | ||
| 23 || '''māmivælden''' || māmivældinde || | | 23 || '''māmivælden''' || māmivældinde || māmivælditām || māmivældihaicē || lāmāmivælden || māmivældindvāṭ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 20 | ! 20 | ||
| 24 || '''hælьmāmei''' || hælьmāminde || | | 24 || '''hælьmāmei''' || hælьmāminde || hælьmāmintām || hælьmāmeihaicē || lāhælьmāmei || hælьmāmindvāṭ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== | === Use of numerals=== | ||
Cardinal numerals may be used in two ways, depending on whether emphasis is given to the number or to the thing counted. | '''Cardinal numerals''' may be used in two ways, depending on whether emphasis is given to the number or to the thing counted. | ||
* In the most common use, the counted thing is emphasized: the numeral is put '''before''' the noun and the noun is always '''singular''' (except for "two", see below) plus the appropriate case: e.g. ''leila yujam'' (a lotus flower); ''dani māra'' (two mango fruits); ''pāmvi haloe'' (three names), ''vælden ñaiṭa'' (eleven stars), and so on. | * In the most common use, the counted thing is emphasized: the numeral is put '''before''' the noun and the noun is always '''singular''' (except for "two", see below) plus the appropriate case: e.g. ''leila yujam'' (a lotus flower); ''dani māra'' (two mango fruits); ''pāmvi haloe'' (three names), ''vælden ñaiṭa'' (eleven stars), and so on. | ||
* If emphasis is given to the number, then the counted thing comes first, and, if it should be in direct, ergative, or accusative case, it is in '''genitive singular''' instead; the semantic direct, ergative, or accusative case is taken by the numeral itself if it is one, two, three, or compounds. Examples: ''yujami leila'' (one lotus flower), ''māri dani'' (two mango fruits), ''halenies pāmvi'' (three names), ''ñaiṭi vælden'' (eleven stars). In other cases, the noun follows the semantic case (but is always singular anyway), e.g. ''marti pāmvi'' (three cities) but ''marte pāmvye'' (in the three cities).<br/>This form is increasingly less common in everyday use. | * If emphasis is given to the number, then the counted thing comes first, and, if it should be in direct, ergative, or accusative case, it is in '''genitive singular''' instead; the semantic direct, ergative, or accusative case is taken by the numeral itself if it is one, two, three, or compounds. Examples: ''yujami leila'' (one lotus flower), ''māri dani'' (two mango fruits), ''halenies pāmvi'' (three names), ''ñaiṭi vælden'' (eleven stars). In other cases, the noun follows the semantic case (but is always singular anyway), e.g. ''marti pāmvi'' (three cities) but ''marte pāmvye'' (in the three cities).<br/>This form is increasingly less common in everyday use. | ||
* "Two" may be used with either singular or dual number: ''dani māra'' or ''māri dani'' are both as correct as ''dani mārion'' and ''māreva dani'' - note that the dual number alone, without the numeral, has the same meaning. Outside of literary texts, it is however more common to specify "two" with the numeral. | * "Two" may be used with either singular or dual number: ''dani māra'' or ''māri dani'' are both as correct as ''dani mārion'' and ''māreva dani'' - note that the dual number alone, without the numeral, has the same meaning. Outside of literary texts, it is however more common to specify "two" with the numeral. | ||
'''Ordinal numerals''' (...) | |||
'''Collective numerals''' (which decline as regular ''-ām'' nouns) are most commonly found with the meaning of "a group consisting of X ...", therefore implying greater cohesiveness than using the cardinal number implies. A common example of the subtle meaning change is between the sentences ''chīka lalāruṇa togāhaite'' (with a cardinal) and ''chīcætām lalāruṇa togāhaite'' (with a collective): both mean "seven ''lalāruṇai'' hit", but in the latter sentence the action it is implied to be a coordinate act of all seven animals, while in the former they either hit randomly or the coordination of the action is not specified (or not specification-worthy). This is also the most common meaning with pluralia tantum, as commonly heard with ethnonyms (which are all plural only in Chlouvānem), e.g. ''šulkatām chlǣvānem'' "[a group of] five Chlouvānem people".<br/> | |||
They can also be found, context-dependent, used with the meaning of "all X of..." - in a sentence such as e.g. ''tītyatām lejīn dilu liju lilejlaikate'' "all eight singers wanted to sing the same song" - or with the meaning of "X sets of" with singularia tantum - e.g. ''pāmvyatām hærṣūs'' "three pairs of lips" (but note that colloquial Chlouvānem increasingly often uses the cardinals here, e.g. ''pāmvi hærṣūs'').<br/> | |||
The collective numerals for 0 and 1 (''ajrāṇṭām'' and ''leilintām'' respectively) are not included in the table above because they do not exist in practical use; however, they are sporadically found in poetry and literature, referring to people and with the meaning of "a group where only one/no one is ...", e.g. ''ajrāṇṭām tadhusmausīn'' "a group where no one is honest". Similarly, collectives for ''vālь-'' numbers (e.g. ''vālьpāmvyantām'' "a group consisting of 2½ ...") exist, but are virtually unused. | |||
In some cases, the choice between a collective and a cardinal is stylistic. While for example concepts such as "we are..." or "I have ... children" do normally use the collective (e.g. ''tulūɂatām ñæltah jalim'' "we are six sisters/a group of six reciprocal brothers and sisters"; ''lili mæn nęltitām samin'' "I have four children"), even if using a cardinal isn't wrong, in a sentence such as "there are X people" both versions are found, with the collective-using sentence (e.g. ''dvārma vælditāmą lilęs virā'' "in the room there are eleven people") being perceived as more formal than the more colloquially heard cardinal-using version (i.e. ''dvārma vældąs lilęs virā''). | |||
<!-- Ordinals, collectives, and multiplicatives are simply used invariable "adjectives", but collectives and multiplicatives are always singular (optionally dual for ''daniamūh'' and ''lādani''). e.g. ''hælinaika kita'' "second house", ''tītyamūh lejīn'' "all eight singers", ''lāpāmvi yąloe'' "triple meal/a meal three times as large". Bare multiplicatives may carry either the meaning of "repeated X times" or "X times as large", but the latter is most commonly specified with a comparison (ablative case) or by context. Ordinals decline as 1h nouns if used without any noun (e.g. ''hælinaikom męliē'' "it is given to the second" — but ''hælinaika lilom męliē'' "it is given to the second person"). --> | |||
Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": ''pāmvihaicē titē męliāhai'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili liliā ñæltah no tulūɂihaicē kolecañi alau ulgutarate'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titē'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (acc. ''alau'') "bottle". | Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": ''pāmvihaicē titē męliāhai'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili liliā ñæltah no tulūɂihaicē kolecañi alau ulgutarate'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titē'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (acc. ''alau'') "bottle". | ||