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====Verb extensions==== | ====Verb extensions==== | ||
'''Passive''' is formed with the suffix ''-wa'' in the present and ''-(ï)lo'' in the perfect. | '''Passive''' is formed with the suffix ''-wa'' in the present and ''-(ï)lo'' in the perfect. | ||
:e.g. ጔድሏ ''gwèddïl<b>wa</b>'' "to be walked to", ጔድሎ ''gwèddïl<b>lo</b>'' "to have been walked to". | :e.g. ጔድሏ ''gwèddïl<b>wa</b>'' "to '''be''' walked to", ጔድሎ ''gwèddïl<b>lo</b>'' "to '''have been''' walked to". | ||
'''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-íshä'' [''-́shä''] in the present and ''-íshi'' [''-́shi''] in the perfect. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-íshä'' [''-́shä''] in the present and ''-íshi'' [''-́shi''] in the perfect. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>íshä</b>'' "to cause to walk", ጔዚሺ ''gwezz<b>íshi</b>'' "to have caused to walk". | :e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>íshä</b>'' "to '''cause to''' walk", ጔዚሺ ''gwezz<b>íshi</b>'' "to '''have caused to''' walk". | ||
'''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)lä'' in the present and ''-(ï)li'' in the perfect. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)lä'' in the present and ''-(ï)li'' in the perfect. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለ ''gwèdd<b>ïlä</b>'' "to walk to", ጔዲሊ ''gwèdd<b>ïli</b>'' "to have walked to". | :e.g. ጔድለ ''gwèdd<b>ïlä</b>'' "to walk '''to'''", ጔዲሊ ''gwèdd<b>ïli</b>'' "to '''have''' walked '''to''". | ||
'''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-ä̀nä'' [''-̀nä''] in the present and ''-ä̀ni'' [''-̀ni''] in the perfect. | '''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-ä̀nä'' [''-̀nä''] in the present and ''-ä̀ni'' [''-̀ni''] in the perfect. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>ä̀nä</b>'' "to walk to each other", ጔድለኒ ''gweddïl<b>ä̀ni</b>'' "to have walked to each other". | :e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>ä̀nä</b>'' "to walk to '''each other'''", ጔድለኒ ''gweddïl<b>ä̀ni</b>'' "to '''have''' walked to '''each other'''". | ||
'''Intensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-ängä'' [''-ngä''] in the present and ''-ängi'' [''-ngi''] in the perfect. It conveys a meaning of intensiveness, repetitiveness, etc. | '''Intensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-ängä'' [''-ngä''] in the present and ''-ängi'' [''-ngi''] in the perfect. It conveys a meaning of intensiveness, repetitiveness, etc. | ||
:e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèddängä'' "to walk back and forth", ጔደጚ ''gwèddängi'' "to have walked back and forth". | :e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèddängä'' "to walk '''back and forth/repeatedly'''", ጔደጚ ''gwèddängi'' "to have walked '''back and forth/repeatedly'''". | ||
Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is causative-applicative-reciprocal-intensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. Only the final suffix changes in the perfect. | Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is causative-applicative-reciprocal-intensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. Only the final suffix changes in the perfect. | ||
:e.g. ጔዚሽለነጟ ''gwezz<b>ishïlä̀nängwa</b>'' "to be made to walk repeatedly to each other", ጔዚሽለነጝሎ ''gwezz<b>ishïlä̀nänglo</b>'' "to have been made to walk repeatedly to each other". | :e.g. ጔዚሽለነጟ ''gwezz<b>ishïlä̀nängwa</b>'' "to '''be made to''' walk '''repeatedly to each other'''", ጔዚሽለነጝሎ ''gwezz<b>ishïlä̀nänglo</b>'' "to '''have been made to''' walk '''repeatedly to each other'''". | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||