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*'''Post-FV (post-final vowel)''': includes negative suffix ''-m''. | *'''Post-FV (post-final vowel)''': includes negative suffix ''-m''. | ||
Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä/a'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. <!--Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. -->Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after the final vowel of the stem. The suffixes used for irregular verbs are shown in | Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä/a'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. <!--Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. -->Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after the final vowel of the stem. The suffixes used for irregular verbs are shown in curly brackets where they differ from regular verbs. Accented suffixes override the verb's native accent. | ||
====Non-finite forms==== | ====Non-finite forms==== | ||
'''Infinitive''' is a class 15 noun. It is formed by adding the class 15 prefix to the verb stem - e.g. ጔደ ''<b>gw</b>èddä'' "to walk" (root: ''-èdd-''), ግዙጘ ''<b>gï</b>zúngä'' "to cook (trs.)" (root: ''-zúng-''). | '''Infinitive''' is a class 15 noun. It is formed by adding the class 15 prefix to the verb stem - e.g. ጔደ ''<b>gw</b>èddä'' "to walk" (root: ''-èdd-''), ግዙጘ ''<b>gï</b>zúngä'' "to cook (trs.)" (root: ''-zúng-''). | ||
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=====Suffixes===== | =====Suffixes===== | ||
'''Perfect''' is formed with the ending ''-i'' | '''Perfect''' is formed with the ending ''-i'' {-''y''}. Suffix-derived verbs may form it irregularly (see [[Kola#Verb_extensions|verb extensions]]). | ||
:e.g. ጔዲ ''gwèdd<b>i</b>'' "to have walked", ግዙጚ ''gïzúng<b>i</b>'' "to have cooked" | :e.g. ጔዲ ''gwèdd<b>i</b>'' "to have walked", ግዙጚ ''gïzúng<b>i</b>'' "to have cooked" | ||
'''Present subjunctive''' is formed with the ending ''-é'' | '''Present subjunctive''' is formed with the ending ''-é'' {-''yé''}. The '''perfect subjunctive''' is formed by placing a high tone on the final vowel of the perfect. | ||
:e.g. የዬዴ ''yäyedd<b>é</b>'' "who walks", የዬዲ ''yäyedd<b>í</b>'' "who walked" | :e.g. የዬዴ ''yäyedd<b>é</b>'' "who walks", የዬዲ ''yäyedd<b>í</b>'' "who walked" | ||
The '''singular imperative''' is formed with the ending ''-á'' | The '''singular imperative''' is formed with the ending ''-á'' {''-́''} in the absence of prefixes, and identically to the subjunctive in the presence of object prefixes. The '''plural imperative''' is formed with the ending ''-(ä)ní''. Both singular and plural imperatives are replaced with the corresponding subjunctives when negated. | ||
:e.g. ኤዳ ''edd<b>á</b>'' "walk", ዪድሌ ''yeddïl<b>é</b>'' "walk to it", ኤድኒ ''eddï<b>ní</b>'' "walk (pl.)", ዬድልኒ ''yeddïl<b>ní</b>'' "walk (pl.) to it" | :e.g. ኤዳ ''edd<b>á</b>'' "walk", ዪድሌ ''yeddïl<b>é</b>'' "walk to it", ኤድኒ ''eddï<b>ní</b>'' "walk (pl.)", ዬድልኒ ''yeddïl<b>ní</b>'' "walk (pl.) to it" | ||
::ከዌዴ ''<b>kä</b>wedd<b>é</b>'' "do not walk", ከውዬድሌ ''<b>kä</b>wyeddïl<b>é</b>'' "do not walk to it", ከኔዴ ''<b>kä</b>nedd<b>é</b>'' "do not walk (pl.)", ከኒዬድሌ ''<b>kä</b>niyeddïl<b>é</b>'' "do not walk (pl.) to it" | ::ከዌዴ ''<b>kä</b>wedd<b>é</b>'' "do not walk", ከውዬድሌ ''<b>kä</b>wyeddïl<b>é</b>'' "do not walk to it", ከኔዴ ''<b>kä</b>nedd<b>é</b>'' "do not walk (pl.)", ከኒዬድሌ ''<b>kä</b>niyeddïl<b>é</b>'' "do not walk (pl.) to it" | ||
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::ግዙጟ ''gïzúng<b>wa</b>'' "to be cooked", ግዙⶔ ''gïzúng<b>wi</b>'' "to have been cooked". | ::ግዙጟ ''gïzúng<b>wa</b>'' "to be cooked", ግዙⶔ ''gïzúng<b>wi</b>'' "to have been cooked". | ||
'''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ísh-'' | '''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ísh-'' {''-́sh-''}. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to cause to walk", ጔዚሺ ''gwezz<b>ísh</b>i'' "to have caused to walk". | :e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to cause to walk", ጔዚሺ ''gwezz<b>ísh</b>i'' "to have caused to walk". | ||
:: ግዙጂሸ ''gïzuj<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to make (someone) cook", ግዙጂሺ ''gïzuj<b>ísh</b>i'' "to have made (someone) to cook". | :: ግዙጂሸ ''gïzuj<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to make (someone) cook", ግዙጂሺ ''gïzuj<b>ísh</b>i'' "to have made (someone) to cook". | ||
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:: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", ግዙይሊ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>i'' "to have cooked for". | :: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", ግዙይሊ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>i'' "to have cooked for". | ||
'''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' | '''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' {''-n-''}. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>än</b>ä'' "to walk to each other", ጔድለኒ ''gweddïl<b>än</b>i'' "to have walked to each other". | :e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>än</b>ä'' "to walk to each other", ጔድለኒ ''gweddïl<b>än</b>i'' "to have walked to each other". | ||
:: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>ä'' "to cook each other", ግዙጘኒ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>i'' "to have cooked each other". | :: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>ä'' "to cook each other", ግዙጘኒ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>i'' "to have cooked each other". | ||
'''Extensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-äng-'' | '''Extensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-äng-'' {''-ng-''}. It indicates a large amount. | ||
:e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèdd<b>äng</b>ä'' "to walk a lot", ጔደጚ ''gwèdd<b>äng</b>i'' "to have walked a lot". | :e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèdd<b>äng</b>ä'' "to walk a lot", ጔደጚ ''gwèdd<b>äng</b>i'' "to have walked a lot". | ||
:: ግዙጘጘ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>ä'' "to cook a large amount", ግዙጘጚ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>i'' "to have cooked a large amount". | :: ግዙጘጘ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>ä'' "to cook a large amount", ግዙጘጚ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>i'' "to have cooked a large amount". | ||