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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs
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===Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs=== | ===Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs=== | ||
Chlouvānem uses many analytic constructions - including auxiliary and compound verbs - in order to convey some shades of meaning. Most of these use either a participle or the infinitive as the form of the lexical verb: | Chlouvānem uses many analytic constructions - including auxiliary and compound verbs - in order to convey some shades of meaning. Most of these use either a participle or the infinitive as the form of the lexical verb: | ||
* ''perfective subjunctive'' in the needed voice + ''lā'' (with) + '' | * ''perfective subjunctive'' in the needed voice + ''lā'' (with) + ''jalle'' in the past or future tense: compound construction used for pluperfect and future perfect. It is not wrong to use it with a present tense, but the meaning does not change from the bare perfect.<br/> Note that, for the pluperfect, the bare perfect is often used instead, both in literature as in common speech. | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlētate lā ēk'' "I had eaten" | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlētate lā jalṣyam'' "I will have eaten" | ||
* ''imperfective subjunctive'' in the needed voice + ''lā'' (with) + '' | * ''imperfective subjunctive'' in the needed voice + ''lā'' (with) + ''jalle'' in the needed tense: compound construction used for the progressive aspect in the three tenses (present, past, future). In the present, the form of ''jalle'' is omitted for the third person, or for all persons if a pronoun is present. | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlatite lā ū'' "I am eating" | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlatite lā ēk'' "I was eating" | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlatite lā jalṣyam'' "I will be eating" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''ñǣɂake'' (to be used to): compound construction used for a habitual action in present, past, or future tense. It is not used with motion verbs in the present, as the multidirectional verb already unambiguously has this meaning. | * ''infinitive'' + ''ñǣɂake'' (to be used to): compound construction used for a habitual action in present, past, or future tense. It is not used with motion verbs in the present, as the multidirectional verb already unambiguously has this meaning. | ||
** ''yaive prājamne yahikeñǣɂute'' "I am used to read every evening" | ** ''yaive prājamne yahikeñǣɂute'' "I am used to read every evening" | ||
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** ''lañšijildenartaflunirāhe'' "they ended up marrying each other" | ** ''lañšijildenartaflunirāhe'' "they ended up marrying each other" | ||
* ''infinitive'' (or more formally ''perfective subjunctive'') + ''kitte'' (to put): to keep X-ed: | * ''infinitive'' (or more formally ''perfective subjunctive'') + ''kitte'' (to put): to keep X-ed: | ||
** ''valdekitē'' / '' | ** ''valdekitē'' / ''uvaldēt kitē'' "it is kept opened" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + either ''įstiāke'' (to hang from) or ''maitiāke'' (to be in front of): prospective aspect, to be about to X | * ''infinitive'' + either ''įstiāke'' (to hang from) or ''maitiāke'' (to be in front of): prospective aspect, to be about to X | ||
** ''yųlakayįstetimu'' "I am about to eat" | ** ''yųlakayįstetimu'' "I am about to eat" | ||
** ''yahikemaitimē'' "it is about to be read" | ** ''yahikemaitimē'' "it is about to be read" | ||
* ''subjunctive'' + interior forms of ''męlike'' (to give): to do X in advance — it can also be interpreted as a (plu)perfect if with perfect subjunctive: | * ''subjunctive'' + interior forms of ''męlike'' (to give): to do X in advance — it can also be interpreted as a (plu)perfect if with perfect subjunctive: | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlatite męliru'' "I eat in advance" | ||
** '' | ** ''yųlētate męlirau'' "I ate in advance" → "I had already eaten" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''paṣmišake'' (to look further away): to let X | * ''infinitive'' + ''paṣmišake'' (to look further away): to let X | ||
** ''sū yahikepaṣṭemešu'' "I let you read" | ** ''sū yahikepaṣṭemešu'' "I let you read" | ||