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Takkenit: Difference between revisions
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Takkenit language or Takkenkikle [ˈtɑ.kːən. | Takkenit language or Takkenkikle [ˈtɑ.kːən.ˌkik̚.lə] - is a language, spoken in a mesolithic Eastern European plains (circa 5000-7000 BCE) on the territories of modern Northern Ukraine and Western Belarus. It shows some features, found in distant languages like Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Yuralic or even Chukchi and Yukaghir to the far east of Siberia. Some linguists claim this to be relicts of a hypothetical proto-Nostratic unity, however this theory is still disputed. | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name= ''Takkenit language'' | |name= ''Takkenit language'' | ||
|nativename=''Takkenkikle'' | |nativename=''Takkenkikle'' | ||
|pronunciation=/ˈtɑ.kːən. | |pronunciation=/ˈtɑ.kːən.ˌkik̚.lə/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|creator=[[User:Raistas|Raistas]] | |creator=[[User:Raistas|Raistas]] | ||
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Takkenit has never been a written language, its stories and songs were transfered orally from generation to generation until the extinction of the language. I use Latin script with some additional letters (''ŋ'' and sometimes also ''ə'') to fully cover the phonology of Takkenit, which is fairly simple. | Takkenit has never been a written language, its stories and songs were transfered orally from generation to generation until the extinction of the language. I use Latin script with some additional letters (''ŋ'' and sometimes also ''ə'') to fully cover the phonology of Takkenit, which is fairly simple. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The Takkenit consonant inventory is very simple. The most interesting feature of it is a complete lack of any fricatives. Geminated consonants, which are represented with double letters (like '''tt''', or '''kk''') can be analyzed as a sequence of two same sounds. The consonants [n] and [t] are more often dental while [l] is more often alveolar and [r] is always alveolar, that's why '''t''' near '''[r]''' is also always alveolar, like in English, but near '''[n]''' it is always dental, like in Spanish or other non-Germanic languages. The [j] sound can palatalize a preceding consonant but this palatalization is not phonemic and occures only before this sound. | The Takkenit consonant inventory is very simple. The most interesting feature of it is a complete lack of any fricatives. Geminated consonants, which are represented with double letters (like '''tt''', or '''kk''') can be analyzed as a sequence of two same sounds. The consonants [n] and [t] are more often dental while [l] is more often alveolar and [r] is always alveolar, that's why '''t''' near '''[r]''' is also always alveolar, like in English, but near '''[n]''' it is always dental, like in Spanish or other non-Germanic languages. The [j] sound can palatalize a preceding consonant but this palatalization is not phonemic and occures only before this sound. If stop consonant is in a coda position (more often when it comes before another consonant from the next syllable, less often but also quite frequently at the end of words) then it is pronounced without any burst, meaning it is unreleased (in IPA denoted as '''[p̚]''', '''[t̚]''', '''[k̚]''') For example even the language name has such a consonant: [ˈtɑ.kːən.ˌkik̚.lə]. | ||
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#These sounds are allophones of /ə/. When under stress it is pronounced [e], in words with high vowels it is [ɨ] or [ɤ] and near [ɑ] it remains [ə]. The pronunciation vary greatly between different tribes, showing some kinds of vowel harmony, which was present earlier but broke soon. | #These sounds are allophones of /ə/. When under stress it is pronounced [e], in words with high vowels it is [ɨ] or [ɤ] and near [ɑ] it remains [ə]. The pronunciation vary greatly between different tribes, showing some kinds of vowel harmony, which was present earlier but broke soon. | ||
#Can be found in South-East dialect as an archaic feature of older vowel harmony. However its vowel harmony is based on frontness and backness (like in modern Finnish, for examle), while the older one was based on vowel height. For example ''kemi'' [ˈke.mi] which means "blood" is komə [ˈko.mɤ] in this dialect. The word itself comes from *kɯmɨ. Or ''kikle'' [ | #Can be found in South-East dialect as an archaic feature of older vowel harmony. However its vowel harmony is based on frontness and backness (like in modern Finnish, for examle), while the older one was based on vowel height. For example ''kemi'' [ˈke.mi] which means "blood" is komə [ˈko.mɤ] in this dialect. The word itself comes from *kɯmɨ. Or ''kikle'' [ˈkik̚.lə] ("speech") which is käkle [ˈkæk.le] in South-East and comes from *kekemə ("to make sounds", "to tweet"). | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
The stress is not phonemic in Takkenit, at least in its middle and late stages. It has a trochaic system, where the main stress is always on the first syllable of the word and secondary ones are put one every odd-numbered syllables exept for the last one, which is always unstressed. Similar system is in Finnic and Samic languages and was also present in Proto-Uralic. An early pre-ablaut stage of Proto-Indo-European could also have such a system. Because of this and also due to some other features, like absence of consonant cluster inside a syllable, the Takkenit speech is very fast with words blending with one another, which can create a misunderstanding or confusion in someone, who do not speak the language perfectly. Some words can even change their shape in fast speech and such words can also be incorporated into action verbs. | The stress is not phonemic in Takkenit, at least in its middle and late stages. It has a trochaic system, where the main stress is always on the first syllable of the word and secondary ones are put one every odd-numbered syllables exept for the last one, which is always unstressed. Similar system is in Finnic and Samic languages and was also present in Proto-Uralic. An early pre-ablaut stage of Proto-Indo-European could also have such a system. Because of this and also due to some other features, like absence of consonant cluster inside a syllable, the Takkenit speech is very fast with words blending with one another, which can create a misunderstanding or confusion in someone, who do not speak the language perfectly. Some words can even change their shape in fast speech and such words can also be incorporated into action verbs. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
The Takkenit language has a somewhat restricted ammount of syllables, meaning it allowes only CV and CVC, where C is any consonant and V is any vowel. Vowel-initial syllables (V and VC) are rare and are allowed only word initially. No consonant clusters are allowed within a single syllable, which also means no initial or final consonant clusters. However if a last syllable contains /ə/ as a nucleus (such as in genitive plural ending ''-nək'') the vowel can be dropped in the fast speech (so the ending will become ''-nk''). The hiatus (sequence of two vowels) is also not allowed. All of these rules make Takkenit words sound a bit similar, so many of them has suffixes attached. This not only makes a more specific meaning but also helps to differentiate words that otherwise would sound the same. For example ''murke'' can mean "to kill an animal prey", "to hit an animal" or "to gather woodsticks". That's why '' | The Takkenit language has a somewhat restricted ammount of syllables, meaning it allowes only CV and CVC, where C is any consonant and V is any vowel. Vowel-initial syllables (V and VC) are rare and are allowed only word initially. No consonant clusters are allowed within a single syllable, which also means no initial or final consonant clusters. However if a last syllable contains /ə/ as a nucleus (such as in genitive plural ending ''-nək'') the vowel can be dropped in the fast speech (so the ending will become ''-nk''). The hiatus (sequence of two vowels) is also not allowed. All of these rules make Takkenit words sound a bit similar, so many of them has suffixes attached. This not only makes a more specific meaning but also helps to differentiate words that otherwise would sound the same. For example ''murke'' can mean "to kill an animal prey", "to hit an animal" or "to gather woodsticks". That's why ''murəkke'' is used for the first meaning, ''murkəte'' - for the second and ''murakte'' - for the third. | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
When attaching various suffixes or endings to a word, many consonant clusters would appear. In these cases an epenthetic vowel (mostly e /ə/) is inserted between, for instance "I'm catching (successfully)", which would be '' | When attaching various suffixes or endings to a word, many consonant clusters would appear. In these cases an epenthetic vowel (mostly e /ə/) is inserted between, for instance "I'm catching (successfully)", which would be ''kakəttəmi'' phonologically and kak-tt-m-i morphologically. If two vowels would appear side by side, the previous one is simply elided (''kulu'' ("small", singular) would give ''kulit'' ("small", plural) and not *''kuluit''). | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||