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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Irregular verbs
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Excluding the highly irregular ''jalle'' and ''tilah'', treated in the next sections, the other verbs with suppletive stems are: | Excluding the highly irregular ''jalle'' and ''tilah'', treated in the next sections, the other verbs with suppletive stems are: | ||
* '' | * ''lulke'' (to go on foot, to walk (monodirectional)) — ''lun-, dāmek, elīsa'' | ||
** The singular present indicative forms are irregular '' | ** The singular present indicative forms are irregular ''lå, lin, liven'' - the other ones are regular, non-ablauting (''lunasme, lunadia...''). | ||
** Also has the irregular optative stem ''lūy-'' (instead of expected *lunūy-). | |||
** Also has the irregular optative stem '' | |||
* ''milke'' (to take, seize, catch, capture, get) — ''milūk-, milkek, ilaka'' | * ''milke'' (to take, seize, catch, capture, get) — ''milūk-, milkek, ilaka'' | ||
** The singular present indicative forms use the stem ''milk-'': ''milku, milki, milkē'' - the other ones are regular (''milūkṣme, milūgdia...''). | ** The singular present indicative forms use the stem ''milk-'': ''milku, milki, milkē'' - the other ones are regular (''milūkṣme, milūgdia...''). | ||
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=====Miscellaneous irregularities===== | =====Miscellaneous irregularities===== | ||
'' | ''ællike'' (to plan, to be going to) is an unmarked agentive verb, which is only conjugated as agentive, and has an irregular present stem ''ærtil-'', with a zero ending for the third person singular. It usually only takes verbs or verbal phrases as arguments, e.g. ''keitu dhāsmike ærtil'' "(s)he is going/plans to save the whale". It is often a synonym of the future intentional, though it conveys lesser certainty and may also be used for imperfective actions or states.<br/> | ||
Note that the defectiveness does not apply to its derived forms - e.g. '' | Note that the defectiveness does not apply to its derived forms - e.g. ''švællike'' (to believe): ''šværtilu'' "I am believed", ''šuteyærtilu'' "I believe" - and ''ællike'' itself has regular causative forms (with the meaning of "make X intend to do"). | ||
The pair ''tamišake⁓tildake'' (to look at) is not counted as one of the thirteen irregular verbs, but ''tildake'' is an unmarked agentive verb, while ''tamišake'' is used in all other voices. Note that however ''tamišake'' also has a regular agentive voice, synonymous with ''tildake'': ''teldu'' ⁓ ''tatemešu'' (I look at). The verb ''najake'' "to happen" (explained below among the compounds of ''gyake'') is also sometimes considered irregular, as a verb with an unmarked dative-trigger voice.<br/>Prefixed motion verbs are also not marked for voice in the patient- and agent-trigger ones (with only cases on nouns distinguishing them), but that is considered a particular but regular behaviour of a semantically defined subset of verbs. | The pair ''tamišake⁓tildake'' (to look at) is not counted as one of the thirteen irregular verbs, but ''tildake'' is an unmarked agentive verb, while ''tamišake'' is used in all other voices. Note that however ''tamišake'' also has a regular agentive voice, synonymous with ''tildake'': ''teldu'' ⁓ ''tatemešu'' (I look at). The verb ''najake'' "to happen" (explained below among the compounds of ''gyake'') is also sometimes considered irregular, as a verb with an unmarked dative-trigger voice.<br/>Prefixed motion verbs are also not marked for voice in the patient- and agent-trigger ones (with only cases on nouns distinguishing them), but that is considered a particular but regular behaviour of a semantically defined subset of verbs. | ||
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Examples of the use of ''tilah'': | Examples of the use of ''tilah'': | ||
* ''nāmvegde'' ((s)he/it crushes) → ''nāmvantetilah'' | * ''nāmvegde'' ((s)he/it crushes) → ''nāmvantetilah'' | ||
* '' | * ''lå'' (I go, walk) → ''lunantilah'' | ||
* ''pūni'' (you work) → ''pūnantilši'' | * ''pūni'' (you work) → ''pūnantilši'' | ||
* ''pupūṃsįm'' (we want to work) → ''pupūṃsantilęm'' | * ''pupūṃsįm'' (we want to work) → ''pupūṃsantilęm'' | ||