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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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* '''e''' translates "like"; it requires essive case with nouns (in formal speech; while bare essive most properly has the meaning "as X" instead of "like X", colloquially it is used both ways) and subjunctive mood with realis verbs (other moods are used for their meaning). | * '''e''' translates "like"; it requires essive case with nouns (in formal speech; while bare essive most properly has the meaning "as X" instead of "like X", colloquially it is used both ways) and subjunctive mood with realis verbs (other moods are used for their meaning). | ||
* '''eri''' means "even", marking a positive emphasis and used with positive sentences (e.g. ''hūnakumi dældān eri dældire'' "(s)he even speaks Hūnakumi<ref>Language of an ethnic minority (but titular ethnicity) in the diocese of Hūnakañjātia.</ref>") | * '''eri''' means "even", marking a positive emphasis and used with positive sentences (e.g. ''hūnakumi dældān eri dældire'' "(s)he even speaks Hūnakumi<ref>Language of an ethnic minority (but titular ethnicity) in the diocese of Hūnakañjātia.</ref>") | ||
* '''ga''' is an adpositive particle, used to join nouns in noun phrases (usually titles; the only exceptions being honorifics), such as ''Līlasuṃghāṇa ga marta'' (Līlasuṃghāṇa city, or "city of Līlasuṃghāṇa") or ''Tāllahāria ga maita'' (Tāllahāria river). | * '''ga''' is an adpositive particle, used to join nouns in noun phrases (usually titles; the only exceptions being honorifics), such as ''Līlasuṃghāṇa ga marta'' (Līlasuṃghāṇa city, or "city of Līlasuṃghāṇa") or ''Tāllahāria ga maita'' (Tāllahāria river). | ||
* '''gāri''' means "not even", being the opposite of ''eri'', marking a negative emphasis in negative sentences (e.g. ''hulābdān chlǣvānumi dældān gāri gu dældire ša'' "(s)he doesn't even speak correct Chlouvānem") | * '''gāri''' means "not even", being the opposite of ''eri'', marking a negative emphasis in negative sentences (e.g. ''hulābdān chlǣvānumi dældān gāri gu dældire ša'' "(s)he doesn't even speak correct Chlouvānem") | ||
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* '''no''' translates English "and" when between nouns and when denoting a complete listing; for incomplete listings (e.g. "X and Y and so on") the particle '''lasь''' is used. Both follow the noun they refer to, and in listings with more than two nouns they follow every noun except the first. They can also translate "and" between verbs, but ''sama'' is preferred between sentences, especially with different subjects (e.g. ''yąlute molute no'' "I eat and drink", either ''mēlitu yąlute kolecañu molute no'' or ''mēlitu yąlute sama kolecañu molute'' "I eat curry and drink kvas", but most often ''mēlitu yąlute sama liliā ñæltah kolecañu molegde'' "I eat curry and my sister drinks kvas". Note that ''mēlitu yąlute liliā ñæltah kolecañu molegde no'' is still correct, but mostly found in literary or very formal language). | * '''no''' translates English "and" when between nouns and when denoting a complete listing; for incomplete listings (e.g. "X and Y and so on") the particle '''lasь''' is used. Both follow the noun they refer to, and in listings with more than two nouns they follow every noun except the first. They can also translate "and" between verbs, but ''sama'' is preferred between sentences, especially with different subjects (e.g. ''yąlute molute no'' "I eat and drink", either ''mēlitu yąlute kolecañu molute no'' or ''mēlitu yąlute sama kolecañu molute'' "I eat curry and drink kvas", but most often ''mēlitu yąlute sama liliā ñæltah kolecañu molegde'' "I eat curry and my sister drinks kvas". Note that ''mēlitu yąlute liliā ñæltah kolecañu molegde no'' is still correct, but mostly found in literary or very formal language). | ||
* '''pa''' translates "on, of, about; concerning, on the subject of", and requires a noun direct case or a verb in subjunctive mood. | * '''pa''' translates "on, of, about; concerning, on the subject of", and requires a noun direct case or a verb in subjunctive mood. | ||
* '''ras''' marks the antibenefactive argument outside of antibenefactive-trigger voice, or "to avoid X" with a subjunctive mood verb. | |||
* '''sama''' translates "and" as a coordinating conjunction between clauses. If the following word starts with a vowel, it is shortened to '''sam''''. | * '''sama''' translates "and" as a coordinating conjunction between clauses. If the following word starts with a vowel, it is shortened to '''sam''''. | ||
* '''tī''' translates "because", "for", and it is always in the second clause of a sentence: ''tū dadrāṃte tī daudiau'' "I have done it because I wanted to". | * '''tī''' translates "because", "for", and it is always in the second clause of a sentence: ''tū dadrāṃte tī daudiau'' "I have done it because I wanted to". | ||
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* '''glidemæh''' translates "only" or "alone". | * '''glidemæh''' translates "only" or "alone". | ||
* '''lenta''' means "together (with)"; when used as a particle, it requires a noun in genitive case - e.g. ''lili buneyi lenta'' "I, together with my older sister". | * '''lenta''' means "together (with)"; when used as a particle, it requires a noun in genitive case - e.g. ''lili buneyi lenta'' "I, together with my older sister". | ||
* ''' | * '''maibu''' translates "enough"; it requires a noun in genitive case or a verb in the indicative mood. | ||
* '''udvī''' translates "without"; it requires a noun in essive case or a verb in subjunctive mood. | * '''udvī''' translates "without"; it requires a noun in essive case or a verb in subjunctive mood. | ||