Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

The four secondary moods expressing evidentiality are all similarly formed, but with different stem additions. All of them are, historically, the result of grammaticalization of different verbs to the Proto-Lahob second infinitive in *-on, explaining why they are formed by adding ''-an'' to the verb stem and then another particle.<br/>Note that the third person singular has a -∅ ending in the present exterior in all four evidentials.

The ''visual evidential'' is made by adding '''-ansen-''' at the end of the verb, then conjugating it as a root verb (with -∅ for 3SG present exterior). e.g. ''yųlansen'' "it is [being] eaten (I see it)"; ''yųlansenāhai'' "they are [being] eaten (I see it)"; ''yųlansente'' "(s)he eats (I see it)".

The ''first inferential'', which refers to any non-visual inference that is probably true (often translatable with "apparently", "looks like"), is formed by adding '''-aneru(n)''' to the end of the verb. Note that 1SG present exterior does not add the epenthetic ''n'' but contracts ''-u-u'' to a long vowel instead. e.g.''yųlaneru'' "it is apparently being eaten"; ''yųlanerū'' "I am apparently eaten". Note that interior forms have ''-erir'' instead of *-erunir - cf. ''dældanerire'' "(s)he apparently speaks"; similarly causatives have ''-erild'' instead of *-erunild - cf. ''mišanerildegde'' "(s)he apparently shows".

The ''second inferential'' has a similar function to the first inferential, but the situation is unlikely to be true (translatable e.g. with "might/apparently... but probably don't/doesn't"); it is formed by adding '''-anuyo''' to the end of the verb. 1SG present exterior contracts to ''-uyū''; all other contractions are regular saṃdhi changes where ''o'' → ''av''. e.g. ''yųlanuyo'' "it is apparently being eaten, but probably not"; ''yųlanuyū'' "I am apparently eaten, but probably not". Interiors and causatives have ''-uyer'' and ''-uyeld'' instead of *-uyavir, *-uyavild - cf. ''dældanuyere'' "(s)he apparently speaks, but probably doesn't", ''mišanuyeldegde'' "(s)he apparently shows, but probably doesn't".

The ''reported'' evidential marks something the speaker does not know first hand; it is formed by adding '''-anode(n)''': e.g. ''yųlanode'' "it is said that it is [being] eaten". Interiors and causatives do not add the epenthetic ''n'' and contract ''-e-i-'' to ''-ei-'' instead - cf. ''dældanodeire'' "it is said that (s)he speaks", ''mišanodeildegde'' "it is said that (s)he shows".