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Takkenit: Difference between revisions
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===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
Unlike modern European languages, Takkenkikle has only three basic word categories: nouns, verbs and particles. There is no separate category for adjectives, as they are morphologically identical to nouns in some instances and thus belong to the noun category, or to verbs and belong to the verb category. In an older period of time all the Takkenit "adjectives" had actually been stative verbs, but then many of them turned into nouns. Adverbs on the other hand are not as numerous as in modern languages and mostly express direction or position of an action in space and time, and they belong to the category of particles. Particles in Takkenit play a role similar to English prepositions (and some adverbs too). They do not decline and can be sometimes attached to the verb as a suffix. All the particles are postpositional, meaning that they are always put after the word they modify, that's why they can also be simply called postpositions. These postpositions can be either directional or positional. The default form is usually the positional one, while directional particles are created by adding the ''-ja'' suffix. However some are directional by default and can be changed only into other directional ones. Below are some examples of particles, often used in Takkenit: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | |||
!Positional | |||
!Meaning | |||
!Directional | |||
!Meaning | |||
!Directional | |||
!Meaning | |||
|- | |||
! ata | |||
| on | |||
! atja | |||
| onto | |||
! paretja | |||
| (go) anywhere | |||
|- | |||
! alla | |||
| in/inside | |||
! alja | |||
| into | |||
! parelja | |||
| (go) there (specific) | |||
|- | |||
! matula | |||
| in the middle | |||
! matulja | |||
| to the middle | |||
! — | |||
| — | |||
|- | |||
! jelti | |||
| left | |||
! lelja | |||
| leftwards | |||
! illejra | |||
| wrong direction | |||
|- | |||
! perti | |||
| right | |||
! perja | |||
| rightwards | |||
! paretteja | |||
| the same direction | |||
|- | |||
! eti | |||
| in front of | |||
! etja | |||
| towards | |||
! etejra | |||
| through | |||
|- | |||
! — | |||
| — | |||
! ŋi | |||
| side/far | |||
! peŋi | |||
| out of | |||
|} | |||
Most of these particles are small while some can be bigger than the word they modify (those, created by compounding or suffixation). An example of compounding would be: ''Kulkəjkaməŋ pertəparettellejra'' - "I used to go to the right over and over, until I found out it was the wrong direction". Here patientive ''-m'' is used to show that the speaker was doing it unintentionally and the ''-ŋ'' suffix shows that the speaker now knows the path was wrong. Unlike this example, much shorter particles were used in a daily speech, nevertheless the long ones still existed and occasionally used to describe a situation better. Takkenit sentences tend to be short and have long words. | |||
Some particles can be attached to the word it modifies and thus becoming a suffix. For example: ''kulken peŋi'' ("to go out of something") would be used only if there is an indirect object and a speaker wants to emphasize the movement outwards (this would usually be translated as "to come out" in English). Otherwise, ''kulkəpeŋen'' is used directly that means "to go out" and does not require an object at all (''kulkəpeŋkami'' - "I've gone out" or "I went for a walk"). | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||