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*'''Post-FV (post-final vowel)''': includes negative suffix ''-m''. | *'''Post-FV (post-final vowel)''': includes negative suffix ''-m''. | ||
Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä | Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä'' (or ''-a'' after gutturals), which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. <!--Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. -->Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after the final vowel of the stem. Monosyllabic verbs ending in ''-á'' change the final vowel before certain endings. The suffixes used for monosyllabic ''-á'' verbs are shown in parentheses and those for irregular verbs in curly brackets where they differ from regular verbs. Accented suffixes override the verb's native accent. | ||
====Non-finite forms==== | ====Non-finite forms==== | ||
Nominalization prefixes occur at the beginning of the verb unit (in the pre-SM position). | Nominalization prefixes occur at the beginning of the verb unit (in the pre-SM position). | ||
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=====Suffixes===== | =====Suffixes===== | ||
'''Perfect''' is formed with the ending ''-e'' {''-re''}. Suffix-derived verbs may form it irregularly (see [[Kola#Verb_extensions|verb extensions]]). | '''Perfect''' is formed with the ending ''-e'' (''-íre'') {''-re''}. Suffix-derived verbs may form it irregularly (see [[Kola#Verb_extensions|verb extensions]]). | ||
:e.g. ጔዴ ''gwédd<b>e</b>'' "to have walked", ግዙጜ ''gïzúng<b>e</b>'' "to have cooked" | :e.g. ጔዴ ''gwédd<b>e</b>'' "to have walked", ግዙጜ ''gïzúng<b>e</b>'' "to have cooked" | ||
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The '''singular imperative''' is formed with the ending ''-á'' {''-́''} in the absence of prefixes, and identically to the subjunctive in the presence of object prefixes. The '''plural imperative''' is formed with the ending ''-(ä)ní''. In both the singular and plural, the second person subject prefix is dropped in the absence of object prefixes and maintained in their presence. Both singular and plural imperatives are replaced with the corresponding subjunctives when negated. | The '''singular imperative''' is formed with the ending ''-á'' {''-́''} in the absence of prefixes, and identically to the subjunctive in the presence of object prefixes. The '''plural imperative''' is formed with the ending ''-(ä)ní''. In both the singular and plural, the second person subject prefix is dropped in the absence of object prefixes and maintained in their presence. Both singular and plural imperatives are replaced with the corresponding subjunctives when negated. | ||
:e.g. ኤዳ ''edd<b>á</b>'' "walk", ውዪድሌ ''wïyeddïl<b>é</b>'' "walk to it", ኤድኒ ''eddï<b>ní</b>'' "walk (pl.)", | :e.g. ኤዳ ''edd<b>á</b>'' "walk", ውዪድሌ ''wïyeddïl<b>é</b>'' "walk to it", ኤድኒ ''eddï<b>ní</b>'' "walk (pl.)", ኒዬድለኒ ''niyeddïlä<b>ní</b>'' "walk (pl.) to it" | ||
::ከዌዴ ''<b>kä</b>wedd<b>é</b>'' "do not walk", ከውዬድሌ ''<b>kä</b>wyeddïl<b>é</b>'' "do not walk to it", ከኔዴ ''<b>kä</b>nedd<b>é</b>'' "do not walk (pl.)", ከኒዬድሌ ''<b>kä</b>niyeddïl<b>é</b>'' "do not walk (pl.) to it" | ::ከዌዴ ''<b>kä</b>wedd<b>é</b>'' "do not walk", ከውዬድሌ ''<b>kä</b>wyeddïl<b>é</b>'' "do not walk to it", ከኔዴ ''<b>kä</b>nedd<b>é</b>'' "do not walk (pl.)", ከኒዬድሌ ''<b>kä</b>niyeddïl<b>é</b>'' "do not walk (pl.) to it" | ||
Special imperative forms only exist in the second person; other persons use the subjunctive. In the second person, the subjunctive can be used to make a command softer. | Special imperative forms only exist in the second person; other persons use the subjunctive. In the second person, the subjunctive can be used to make a command softer. | ||
====Verb extensions==== | ====Verb extensions==== | ||
When verb extensions (other than the passive and intensive) are added, the verb always ends in the vowel ''-ä'' in the present. | When verb extensions (other than the passive and intensive) are added, the verb always ends in the vowel ''-ä'' (or ''-a'' after gutturals) in the present. | ||
'''Passive''' is formed with the ending ''-́wa'' in the present and ''-́we'' in the perfect. With stems ending in a velar or guttural, labialize the final consonant and add ''-́a'' (present) / ''-́e'' (perfect). | '''Passive''' is formed with the ending ''-́wa'' (''-íwa'') in the present and ''-́we'' (''-íwe'') in the perfect. With stems ending in a velar or guttural, labialize the final consonant and add ''-́a'' (present) / ''-́e'' (perfect). | ||
:e.g. ጔድሏ ''gweddḯl<b>wa</b>'' "to be walked to", ጔድልዌ ''gweddḯl<b>we</b>'' "to have been walked to". | :e.g. ጔድሏ ''gweddḯl<b>wa</b>'' "to be walked to", ጔድልዌ ''gweddḯl<b>we</b>'' "to have been walked to". | ||
::ግዙጟ ''gïzúng<b>wa</b>'' "to be cooked", ግዙⶕ ''gïzúng<b>we</b>'' "to have been cooked". | ::ግዙጟ ''gïzúng<b>wa</b>'' "to be cooked", ግዙⶕ ''gïzúng<b>we</b>'' "to have been cooked". | ||
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:: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", ግዙይሌ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>e'' "to have cooked for". | :: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", ግዙይሌ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>e'' "to have cooked for". | ||
'''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' {''-n-''}. | '''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' (''-án-'') {''-n-''}. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለነ ''gwéddïl<b>än</b>ä'' "to walk to each other", ጔድለኔ ''gwéddïl<b>än</b>e'' "to have walked to each other". | :e.g. ጔድለነ ''gwéddïl<b>än</b>ä'' "to walk to each other", ጔድለኔ ''gwéddïl<b>än</b>e'' "to have walked to each other". | ||
:: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>ä'' "to cook each other", ግዙጘኔ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>e'' "to have cooked each other". | :: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>ä'' "to cook each other", ግዙጘኔ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>e'' "to have cooked each other". | ||
'''Extensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-äng-'' {''-ng-''}. It indicates a large quantity. | '''Extensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-äng-'' (''-áng-'') {''-ng-''}. It indicates a large quantity. | ||
:e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwédd<b>äng</b>ä'' "to walk a lot", ጔደጜ ''gwédd<b>äng</b>e'' "to have walked a lot". | :e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwédd<b>äng</b>ä'' "to walk a lot", ጔደጜ ''gwédd<b>äng</b>e'' "to have walked a lot". | ||
:: ግዙጘጘ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>ä'' "to cook a large amount", ግዙጘጜ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>e'' "to have cooked a large amount". | :: ግዙጘጘ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>ä'' "to cook a large amount", ግዙጘጜ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>e'' "to have cooked a large amount". | ||
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:: ግዙጙጘ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>ä'' "to cook intensively/repeatedly", ግዙጙⶕ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>e'' "to have cooked intensively/repeatedly". | :: ግዙጙጘ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>ä'' "to cook intensively/repeatedly", ግዙጙⶕ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>e'' "to have cooked intensively/repeatedly". | ||
'''Middle''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)g-''. It has various uses including: forming the anticausative of lexically causative verbs (e.g. ግዙጘ ''gïzúngä'' "to cook (trns.)" → ዪዙጝገ ''yizúng<b>g</b>ä'' "it cooks (intr.)"); forming de-agentivized passives (e.g. ግጝለ ''gï̀nglä'' "to sell" → ዪጝልጌ ''yingï̀lge'' "it was sold"); and forming potentials (e.g. ግሌ ''gïlé'' "to eat" → ዪሌገ ''yilégä'' "it is edible"; ግላለ ''gïlálä'' "to sleep" → ዪላልገ ''yilálgä'' "it can be slept on"). | '''Middle''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)g-'' (''-úg-''). It has various uses including: forming the anticausative of lexically causative verbs (e.g. ግዙጘ ''gïzúngä'' "to cook (trns.)" → ዪዙጝገ ''yizúng<b>g</b>ä'' "it cooks (intr.)"); forming de-agentivized passives (e.g. ግጝለ ''gï̀nglä'' "to sell" → ዪጝልጌ ''yingï̀lge'' "it was sold"); and forming potentials (e.g. ግሌ ''gïlé'' "to eat" → ዪሌገ ''yilégä'' "it is edible"; ግላለ ''gïlálä'' "to sleep" → ዪላልገ ''yilálgä'' "it can be slept on"). | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
:e.g. ግዙጝገ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>ä'' "to cook (intr.)", ግዙጝጌ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>e'' "to have cooked (intr.)".--> | :e.g. ግዙጝገ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>ä'' "to cook (intr.)", ግዙጝጌ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>e'' "to have cooked (intr.)".--> | ||
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*'''-ል''' '''''-́l''''' (highly defective verb): used only in affirmative present indicative, no final vowel, can be dropped when clear from context. | *'''-ል''' '''''-́l''''' (highly defective verb): used only in affirmative present indicative, no final vowel, can be dropped when clear from context. | ||
*'''-ዋ''' '''''-wá''''' (defective verb): "to exist, be present, to be (locative, temporary), etc" - not used in perfect, used suppletively in negative and subjunctive for ''-́l''. | *'''-ዋ''' '''''-wá''''' (defective verb): "to exist, be present, to be (locative, temporary), etc" - not used in perfect, used suppletively in negative and subjunctive for ''-́l''. | ||
*'''-ቃ''' '''''-qá''''' ( | *'''-ቃ''' '''''-qá''''' (monosyllabic ''-á'' verb): "to stay, to be (locative, permanent), to live (at), etc" - occurs in all tenses and moods, perfect is used suppletively for ''-́l'' and ''-wá''. | ||
====="To have"===== | ====="To have"===== | ||
*'''-ና''' '''''-ná''''' ( | *'''-ና''' '''''-ná''''' (monosyllabic ''-á'' verb): "to have" | ||
===Ideophones=== | ===Ideophones=== | ||