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*'''Post-FV (post-final vowel)''': includes negative suffix ''-m''. | *'''Post-FV (post-final vowel)''': includes negative suffix ''-m''. | ||
Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä'' (or ''-a'' after gutturals), which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. | There are four classes of verbs based on conjugation (not counting derived verbs): | ||
#'''Regular verbs''': Present stem ends in unaccented ''-ä'' (or ''-a'' after gutturals). The final vowel is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. | |||
#'''Variable vowel stems''': Includes many monosyllabic verbs whose present stems end in ''-á''. These verbs change their final vowel upon the addition of suffixes. | |||
#'''Invariable vowel stems''': Present stem ends in an accented vowel or a vowel other than ''-ä/a'' (including some monosyllabic verbs in ''-á''). These verbs keep their stem-final vowel upon the addition of suffixes. | |||
#'''Irregular verbs''': Verbs that do not fit in any other class. | |||
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Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä'' (or ''-a'' after gutturals), which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after the final vowel of the stem. Some monosyllabic verbs ending in ''-á'' change the final vowel before certain endings. The suffixes used for monosyllabic ''-á'' verbs are shown in parentheses and those for irregular verbs in curly brackets where they differ from regular verbs. Accented suffixes override the verb's native accent.--> | |||
====Non-finite forms==== | ====Non-finite forms==== | ||
Nominalization prefixes occur at the beginning of the verb unit (in the pre-SM position). | Nominalization prefixes occur at the beginning of the verb unit (in the pre-SM position). | ||
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=====Suffixes===== | =====Suffixes===== | ||
'''Note:''' The suffixes for class 2 and class 3 verbs, when they differ from regular verbs, are shown in round and curly brackets respectively. | |||
'''Perfect''' is formed with the ending ''-e'' (''-íre'') {''-re''}. Suffix-derived verbs may form it irregularly (see [[Kola#Verb_extensions|verb extensions]]). | '''Perfect''' is formed with the ending ''-e'' (''-íre'') {''-re''}. Suffix-derived verbs may form it irregularly (see [[Kola#Verb_extensions|verb extensions]]). | ||
:e.g. ጔዴ ''gwédd<b>e</b>'' "to have walked", ግዙጜ ''gïzúng<b>e</b>'' "to have cooked" | :e.g. ጔዴ ''gwédd<b>e</b>'' "to have walked", ግዙጜ ''gïzúng<b>e</b>'' "to have cooked" | ||
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====Some important verbs==== | ====Some important verbs==== | ||
=====Copulae===== | =====Copulae===== | ||
*'''-ል''' '''''-́l''''' (highly defective | *'''-ል''' '''''-́l''''' (class 4, highly defective): used only in affirmative present indicative, no final vowel, can be dropped when clear from context. | ||
*'''-ዋ''' '''''-wá''''' (defective | *'''-ዋ''' '''''-wá''''' (class 3, defective): "to exist, be present, to be (locative, temporary), etc" - not used in perfect, used suppletively in negative and subjunctive for ''-́l''. | ||
*'''-ቃ''' '''''-qá''''' ( | *'''-ቃ''' '''''-qá''''' (class 3): "to stay, to be (locative, permanent), to live (at), etc" - occurs in all tenses and moods, perfect is used suppletively for ''-́l'' and ''-wá''. | ||
====="To have"===== | ====="To have"===== | ||
*'''-ና''' '''''-ná''''' ( | *'''-ና''' '''''-ná''''' (class 3): "to have" | ||
===Ideophones=== | ===Ideophones=== | ||