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Chlouvānem/Positional and motion verbs: Difference between revisions
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Chlouvānem/Positional and motion verbs (view source)
Revision as of 20:20, 23 May 2018
, 23 May 2018→Positional verbs (jalyadaradhaus)
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Prefix !! To stay ( | ! Prefix !! To stay (tyā-/tim-) !! To be seated (mirt-) !! To lie (ut-) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Generic position ('''ta-''') || | | Generic position ('''ta-''') || tatyāke || tamirte || tokte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| On, over, above ('''ān-''') || | | On, over, above ('''ān-''') || āntyāke || āmmirte || ānukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Under, below ('''šu-''') || | | Under, below ('''šu-''') || šutyāke || šumirte || šūkte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| In the middle of, between ('''khl-''') || | | In the middle of, between ('''khl-''') || khlatyāke || khlumirte || khlukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Together with, among ('''gin-''') || | | Together with, among ('''gin-''') || gintyāke || gimmirte || ginukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Within inside ('''nī-''') || | | Within inside ('''nī-''') || nītyāke || nīmirte || nyukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Near ('''ū(b)-''') || | | Near ('''ū(b)-''') || ūtyāke || ūmirte || ūbukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Far ('''bis-''') || | | Far ('''bis-''') || bistyāke || bismirte || bisukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Physically attached; mounting an animal/a bike ('''tad-''') || tandiāke || tadmirte || tadukte | | Physically attached; mounting an animal/a bike ('''tad-''') || tandiāke || tadmirte || tadukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Hanging from; upside down ('''įs-''') || | | Hanging from; upside down ('''įs-''') || įstyāke || įsmirte || įsukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| In(to), inside ('''na(ñ)-''') || | | In(to), inside ('''na(ñ)-''') || natyāke || namirte || nañukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Outside, outwards ('''kau-''') || | | Outside, outwards ('''kau-''') || kautyāke || kaumirte || kavukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Opposite to; somewhere else ('''viṣ-''') || viṣṭyāke || viṣmirte || viṣukte | | Opposite to; somewhere else ('''viṣ-''') || viṣṭyāke || viṣmirte || viṣukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Around ('''kami-''') || | | Around ('''kami-''') || kamityāke || kamimirte || kamyukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Behind ('''prь-''') || | | Behind ('''prь-''') || prityāke || primirte || priukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| In front of ('''mai-''') || | | In front of ('''mai-''') || maityāke || maimirte || mayukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| In a corner; on a border; at the limits of ('''vai-''') || | | In a corner; on a border; at the limits of ('''vai-''') || vaityāke || vaimirte || vayukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Next to; alongside ('''sāṭ-''') || sāṭṭyāke || sāṭmirte || sāṭukte | | Next to; alongside ('''sāṭ-''') || sāṭṭyāke || sāṭmirte || sāṭukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| In the center of ('''lā(d)-''') || | | In the center of ('''lā(d)-''') || lātyāke || lāmirte || lādukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| On the left ('''vyā-''') || | | On the left ('''vyā-''') || vyātyāke || vyāmirte || vyaukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| On the right ('''māha-''') || | | On the right ('''māha-''') || māhatyāke || māhamirte || māhokte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Facing; towards ('''pid-''') || pindiāke || pidmirte || pidukte | | Facing; towards ('''pid-''') || pindiāke || pidmirte || pidukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Facing inside; near the center; <small>''mot.:'' convergent</small> ('''nalь-''') || | | Facing inside; near the center; <small>''mot.:'' convergent</small> ('''nalь-''') || nalьtyāke || nalьmirte || naliukte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Facing outside; far from the center; <small>''mot.:'' divergent</small> ('''vād-''') || vāndiāke || vādmirte || vādukte | | Facing outside; far from the center; <small>''mot.:'' divergent</small> ('''vād-''') || vāndiāke || vādmirte || vādukte | ||
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* ''āmmirte'' "to be seated on": ''āmmertē, āmmirtek, ānimirta'' | * ''āmmirte'' "to be seated on": ''āmmertē, āmmirtek, ānimirta'' | ||
* ''ānukte'' "to lie on": ''ānotē, ānutek, ānuɂuta'' | * ''ānukte'' "to lie on": ''ānotē, ānutek, ānuɂuta'' | ||
''- | ''-tyā-'' is a vocalic root with the -yā-～-im- alternation in the present indicative and in the subjunctive: | ||
* '' | * ''āntyāke'' "to stand on": ''āntimē, āntyāk, ānatyā''; <small>SUBJ.IMPF.</small> ''āntimīti'', <small>SUBJ.PF.</small> ''āntimevite'' | ||
===Meanings of forms=== | ===Meanings of forms=== | ||
The basic (exterior non-causative) forms of these verbs all have a static meaning and are always intransitive: | The basic (exterior non-causative) forms of these verbs all have a static meaning and are always intransitive: | ||
: ''tatimu'' – I am standing. | : ''tatimu'' – I am standing. | ||
: ''kamilire | : ''kamilire læjle āmmertē'' – (s)he is sitting on the blue chair. | ||
: ''phēcam eṇāt švotē'' – the cat is lying under the table. | : ''phēcam eṇāt švotē'' – the cat is lying under the table. | ||
The interior forms have a dynamic, middle-voice meaning: | The interior forms have a dynamic, middle-voice meaning: | ||
: '' | : ''tatyairu'' – I stand up. | ||
: ''kamilire | : ''kamilire læjlom āmmertire'' – (s)he is sitting down on the blue chair. | ||
: ''phēcam eṇom švotire'' – the cat is lying down under the table. | : ''phēcam eṇom švotire'' – the cat is lying down under the table. | ||
The causative exterior forms have a dynamic, causative meaning, while the causative interior ones are morphologically possible but practically never used: | The causative exterior forms have a dynamic, causative meaning, while the causative interior ones are morphologically possible but practically never used: | ||
: ''kåmbu | : ''kåmbu tatetyaildu'' – I put the bag down [in a standing position]. | ||
: ''samin tatemairtildede'' – they two seat the baby down. | : ''samin tatemairtildede'' – they two seat the baby down. | ||
: ''kåmbu tatayautildu'' – I put the bag down [in a horizontal position]. | : ''kåmbu tatayautildu'' – I put the bag down [in a horizontal position]. | ||
The English verb "to remain" is translated by ''lįnake'' (class 2 thematic). For the ''- | The English verb "to remain" is translated by ''lįnake'' (class 2 thematic). For the ''-tyā-'' verbs, it is used alone (with the appropriate prefix), while for the other two columns it is used as an auxiliary together with the infinitive of the positional verb: | ||
: ''lęnu'' – I remain [standing]. | : ''lęnu'' – I remain [standing]. | ||
: ''kamilire lædьle āmmirtelęnē'' – (s)he remains sitting on the blue chair. | : ''kamilire lædьle āmmirtelęnē'' – (s)he remains sitting on the blue chair. | ||