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Chlouvānem/Calendar and time: Difference between revisions
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Continuous time is expressed with accusative singular in most cases, as there usually is a cardinal number, e.g. ''nęltemāmei railu yųlaute'' — I ate for 40<sub>12</sub> railai. The main exception is where there's no specific time quantity, e.g. ''garaṇānu yųlaute'' — I ate for hours. | Continuous time is expressed with accusative singular in most cases, as there usually is a cardinal number, e.g. ''nęltemāmei railu yųlaute'' — I ate for 40<sub>12</sub> railai. The main exception is where there's no specific time quantity, e.g. ''garaṇānu yųlaute'' — I ate for hours. | ||
Punctual time uses the locative case where the intended meaning is "in a given moment", e.g. ''3873-e | Punctual time uses the locative case where the intended meaning is "in a given moment", e.g. ''3873-e ƾalyākine ē'' — (s)he/it was in ʡalyākina in 3873 (6423<sub>10</sub>). The locative form is thus used for: | ||
* years — ''3874-e'' (in 3874 (6424<sub>10</sub>)) | * years — ''3874-e'' (in 3874 (6424<sub>10</sub>)) | ||
* solar and lunar months — ''māltapārṇāvye'', '' | * solar and lunar months — ''māltapārṇāvye'', ''tāryāṣṭrye'' | ||
* lānimpeɂilai — ''chlærlīltāvye / | * lānimpeɂilai — ''chlærlīltāvye / līleñchlæryāvye'' | ||
* days — ''9-e brausāseni'' (on the 9th of Brausāsena), ''lalla šurāje'' "coming/next Šurājah" | * days — ''9-e brausāseni'' (on the 9th of Brausāsena), ''lalla šurāje'' "coming/next Šurājah" | ||
* festivities <small>(see [[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Holidays|Chlouvānem Inquisition § Holidays]] for a list of them)</small> — ''bhaivyāvāṣare'' (during Bhaivyāvāṣara) | * festivities <small>(see [[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Holidays|Chlouvānem Inquisition § Holidays]] for a list of them)</small> — ''bhaivyāvāṣare'' (during Bhaivyāvāṣara) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | lut !! <small>Ablative</small> | ! rowspan=2 | lut !! <small>Ablative</small> | ||
| ago || ''' | | ago || '''nęlcų heirų lut''' four years ago | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Essive</small> | ! <small>Essive</small> | ||
| for/since || ''' | | for/since || '''nęlcą heiręs lut''' for four years | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | sām !! <small>Ablative</small> | ! rowspan=3 | sām !! <small>Ablative</small> | ||
| in ... time<br/><small>(at the end of a certain period of time)</small> || ''' | | in ... time<br/><small>(at the end of a certain period of time)</small> || '''nęlcų heirų sām''' in four years, four years from now | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Essive</small> | ! <small>Essive</small> | ||
| in<br/><small>(within, during a certain period of time)</small> || ''' | | in<br/><small>(within, during a certain period of time)</small> || '''nęlcą heiręs sām''' for the coming four years, until four years from now | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Translative</small> | ! <small>Translative</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nin !! <small>Ablative</small> | ! nin !! <small>Ablative</small> | ||
| after || ''' | | after || '''nęlcų heirų nin''' after four years | ||
|- | |- | ||
! šut !! <small>Ablative</small> | ! šut !! <small>Ablative</small> | ||
| before || ''' | | before || '''nęlcų heirų šut''' four years before | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! bīs !! <small>Essive (both nouns)</small> | ||
| between; from ... until || '''šurājęs | | between; from ... until || '''šurājęs nyūramyęs bīs''' between Šurājah and Nyūramiah | ||
|} | |} | ||
Qualifying verbs or adverbs usually used with time expressions: | Qualifying verbs or adverbs usually used with time expressions: | ||
* ''lalla'' "coming, next" | * ''lalla'' "coming, next" | ||
** '' | ** ''pimliven'' (verb ''pimlulke'') "coming, next" (rare) | ||
* ''biselīsa'' (verb '' | * ''biselīsa'' (verb ''bislulke'') "past, last, previous" | ||
* ''yaiva'' "every" | * ''yaiva'' "every" | ||
** Formal usage prescribes ''yaiva'' to be inflected with the needed case, but in practice this is rarely done, so that e.g. ''yaive šurāje'' and ''yaiva šurāje'' "every Šurājah" are interchangeable. | ** Formal usage prescribes ''yaiva'' to be inflected with the needed case, but in practice this is rarely done, so that e.g. ''yaive šurāje'' and ''yaiva šurāje'' "every Šurājah" are interchangeable. | ||
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* '''lanihē''' "often" | * '''lanihē''' "often" | ||
* '''soramiya''' "sometime(s), somewhen" | * '''soramiya''' "sometime(s), somewhen" | ||
* ''' | * '''lājhęe''' "rarely" | ||
* '''gumiya''' "never" | * '''gumiya''' "never" | ||
Adverbial locutions of frequency: '''gumiya mūji''' "almost never", '''taili | Adverbial locutions of frequency: '''gumiya mūji''' "almost never", '''taili lājhęe''' "very rarely", '''nålin soramiya''' "a few times, occasionally", '''taili lanihē''' "very often". '''maibu''' "enough" may be used also in a temporal sense. | ||
===Date format=== | ===Date format=== | ||
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The simplest way to tell the time is simply reading the number of hours and the number of railai alone, followed by the locative case of the time period (8-hour division, ''garaṃlāṇa''), and ''vi'', the 3SG of "to be", which is usually always stated: | The simplest way to tell the time is simply reading the number of hours and the number of railai alone, followed by the locative case of the time period (8-hour division, ''garaṃlāṇa''), and ''vi'', the 3SG of "to be", which is usually always stated: | ||
* ''Bh 4.1ᘔ'' — ''nęlte | * ''Bh 4.1ᘔ'' — ''nęlte hælmāmitålda bhraṃšāye vi'' (it's four and twenty-two<sub>10</sub> <small>(four and one dozen plus ten)</small> in the afternoon). | ||
* ''L 2.57'' — ''dani šulkmāmichīka | * ''L 2.57'' — ''dani šulkmāmichīka lalye vi'' (it's two and sixty-seven<sub>10</sub> <small>(two and five dozens plus seven)</small> in the night). | ||
This format is, however, rarely used, mainly when reading legal texts or giving second-hand reports (therefore it's extremely common in news reports). | This format is, however, rarely used, mainly when reading legal texts or giving second-hand reports (therefore it's extremely common in news reports). | ||
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* ''Bh 2.00'' — ''dani bhraṃšāye vi'' (it's two in the afternoon) | * ''Bh 2.00'' — ''dani bhraṃšāye vi'' (it's two in the afternoon) | ||
* ''Bh 2.20'' — ''dani bhraṃšāye pāmvendvāṭ (no) vi'' (it's two in the afternoon and one third) | * ''Bh 2.20'' — ''dani bhraṃšāye pāmvendvāṭ (no) vi'' (it's two in the afternoon and one third) | ||
* ''Bh 2.30'' — '' | * ''Bh 2.30'' — ''vālpāmvya bhraṃšāye vi'' (it's 2½ in the afternoon) or less commonly ''dani bhraṃšāye hælinaivāṭ (no) vi'' (it's two in the afternoon and half) | ||
* ''Bh 2.40'' — ''pāmvyå bhraṃšāye pāmvendvāṭ vi'' (it's one third to three in the afternoon) or less commonly ''dani bhraṃšāye dani pāmvendvāṭ (no) vi'' (it's two in the afternoon and two thirds) | * ''Bh 2.40'' — ''pāmvyå bhraṃšāye pāmvendvāṭ vi'' (it's one third to three in the afternoon) or less commonly ''dani bhraṃšāye dani pāmvendvāṭ (no) vi'' (it's two in the afternoon and two thirds) | ||
Time is usually additive and not subtractive, except for ''.40'' (as in the previous example), ''.46'', ''.50'', and ''.56'' (respectively ¼, 10<sub>12</sub>, and 6 minutes before the next hour). Subtractive time is, as expected, expressed by the dative case of the next hour: | Time is usually additive and not subtractive, except for ''.40'' (as in the previous example), ''.46'', ''.50'', and ''.56'' (respectively ¼, 10<sub>12</sub>, and 6 minutes before the next hour). Subtractive time is, as expected, expressed by the dative case of the next hour: | ||
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* ''Bh 2.56'' — ''pamvyå bhraṃšāye tulūɂa vi'' (it's six to three in the afternoon) | * ''Bh 2.56'' — ''pamvyå bhraṃšāye tulūɂa vi'' (it's six to three in the afternoon) | ||
For all other cases, the time is told as "<small>ORDINAL IN LOCATIVE CASE OF THE HOUR</small>, <small>GARAṂLĀṆA IN GENITIVE CASE</small>, <small>ORDINAL OF THE ELAPSED THIRD OF HOUR</small> (except for ''.01'' to ''.1Ɛ'') and <small>NUMBER OF RAILAI</small>". Note that, however, in most cases Chlouvānem people approximate to the nearest six railai (e.g. ''.24'' is told as if it were ''.26''): | For all other cases, the time is told as "<small>ORDINAL IN LOCATIVE CASE OF THE HOUR</small>, <small>GARAṂLĀṆA IN GENITIVE CASE</small>, <small>ORDINAL OF THE ELAPSED THIRD OF HOUR</small> (except for ''.01'' to ''.1Ɛ'') and <small>NUMBER OF RAILAI</small>". Note that, however, in most cases Chlouvānem people approximate to the nearest six railai (e.g. ''.24'' is told as if it were ''.26''): | ||
* ''Bh 2.1Ɛ'' — '' | * ''Bh 2.1Ɛ'' — ''daniendye bhraṃšāyi māmivælden vi'' (it's twenty-three<sub>10</sub> <small>(two and one dozen plus eleven)</small> in the second of the afternoon) | ||
* ''Bh 2.35'' — '' | * ''Bh 2.35'' — ''daniendye bhraṃšāyi lahīla māmišulka (no) vi'' (it's the first [third of hour] and seventeen<sub>10</sub> <small>(one dozen plus five)</small> in the second of the afternoon) | ||
* ''Bh 2.48'' — '' | * ''Bh 2.48'' — ''daniendye bhraṃšāyi hælinaika tītya (no) vi'' (it's the second [third of hour] and eight in the second of the afternoon) | ||
The word ''raila'' is usually never stated if the hour number is present; if it is implied, then ''raila'' (always in the singular, as it's preceded by a numeral) must be stated - note also the question about minutes, not the hour: | The word ''raila'' is usually never stated if the hour number is present; if it is implied, then ''raila'' (always in the singular, as it's preceded by a numeral) must be stated - note also the question about minutes, not the hour: | ||
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: ''pamihælī raila vi.'' — Fifteen<sub>10</sub>. | : ''pamihælī raila vi.'' — Fifteen<sub>10</sub>. | ||
When hours are inside a punctual time expression, the head of the phrase (the hour in ''.00'' and ''.30''; the number of minutes or ''pamvendvāṭ'' otherwise) is put in the locative case, e.g. ''Bh 4.07-e | When hours are inside a punctual time expression, the head of the phrase (the hour in ''.00'' and ''.30''; the number of minutes or ''pamvendvāṭ'' otherwise) is put in the locative case, e.g. ''Bh 4.07-e yahīte lā ē'' "at 4.07 of the afternoon, (s)he was reading” is read as ''nęltendye bhraṃšāyi chīke yahīte lā ē'' “at seven [railai] in the fourth [hour] of the afternoon, (s)he was reading”. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
[[Category:Chlouvānem]] | [[Category:Chlouvānem]] | ||