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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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* '''golat''' — on the other hand, whereas (less common than ''maip'') | * '''golat''' — on the other hand, whereas (less common than ''maip'') | ||
* '''lai''' — inclusive or | * '''lai''' — inclusive or | ||
* ''' | * '''las''' — and (incomplete listings, i.e. "X and Y and Z and so on"; <small>see ''no'' below for the use.</small>) | ||
* '''maip''' — on the other hand, whereas (more common than both ''golat'' and ''vādvyeṣi'') | * '''maip''' — on the other hand, whereas (more common than both ''golat'' and ''vādvyeṣi'') | ||
* '''mbu''' — exclusive or | * '''mbu''' — exclusive or | ||
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* '''nanū''' — also, too (only between sentences; <small>see ''tora'' below</small>). Actually a different use of the adverb meaning "more" (comparative of ''taili'' "many, much"). | * '''nanū''' — also, too (only between sentences; <small>see ''tora'' below</small>). Actually a different use of the adverb meaning "more" (comparative of ''taili'' "many, much"). | ||
* '''ni''' — but | * '''ni''' — but | ||
* '''no''' — and (between nouns and denoting a complete listing; use ''lasь'' for incomplete listings). It follows the noun it refers to, and in listings with more than two nouns it follows every noun except the first. It (and ''lasь'') can also translate "and" between verbs, but ''sama'' is preferred between sentences, especially with different subjects (e.g. ''yąlute molute no'' "I eat and drink", either ''mēlitu yąlute kolecañu molute no'' or ''mēlitu yąlute sama kolecañu molute'' "I eat curry and drink kvas", but most often ''mēlitu yąlute sama | * '''no''' — and (between nouns and denoting a complete listing; use ''lasь'' for incomplete listings). It follows the noun it refers to, and in listings with more than two nouns it follows every noun except the first. It (and ''lasь'') can also translate "and" between verbs, but ''sama'' is preferred between sentences, especially with different subjects (e.g. ''yąlute molute no'' "I eat and drink", either ''mēlitu yąlute kolecañu molute no'' or ''mēlitu yąlute sama kolecañu molute'' "I eat curry and drink kvas", but most often ''mēlitu yąlute sama lilyā ñæltah kolecañu molegde'' "I eat curry and my sister drinks kvas". Note that ''mēlitu yąlute lilyā ñæltah kolecañu molegde no'' is still correct, but mostly found in literary or very formal language). | ||
* '''sama''' — and (between sentences). Shortened to '''sam''' before vowel-initial words. | * '''sama''' — and (between sentences). Shortened to '''sam''' before vowel-initial words. | ||
* '''tī''' — because, for, as | * '''tī''' — because, for, as | ||
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===Accompanying particles (i.e. postpositions)=== | ===Accompanying particles (i.e. postpositions)=== | ||
Postpositions, known as "accompanying particles" (''ūtimāhai remīn'') in native Chlouvānem grammars, usually cannot stand alone (unlike "adverbial" particles) and require a particular noun case. | Postpositions, known as "accompanying particles" (''ūtimāhai remīn'') in native Chlouvānem grammars, usually cannot stand alone (unlike "adverbial" particles) and require a particular noun case. | ||
* '''dam''' — interrogative particle, put after the verb (e.g. '' | * '''dam''' — interrogative particle, put after the verb (e.g. ''daltah væl dam?'' "is it a fish?"). | ||
* '''e''' — like. Requires essive case with nouns (in formal speech; while bare essive most properly has the meaning "as X" instead of "like X", colloquially it is used both ways) and subjunctive mood with realis verbs (other moods are used for their meaning). | * '''e''' — like. Requires essive case with nouns (in formal speech; while bare essive most properly has the meaning "as X" instead of "like X", colloquially it is used both ways) and subjunctive mood with realis verbs (other moods are used for their meaning). | ||
* '''ga''' — adpositive particle, used to join nouns in noun phrases (usually titles; the only exceptions being honorifics), such as ''Līlasuṃghāṇa ga marta'' (Līlasuṃghāṇa city, or "city of Līlasuṃghāṇa") or ''Tāllahāria ga maita'' (Tāllahāria river). | * '''ga''' — adpositive particle, used to join nouns in noun phrases (usually titles; the only exceptions being honorifics), such as ''Līlasuṃghāṇa ga marta'' (Līlasuṃghāṇa city, or "city of Līlasuṃghāṇa") or ''Tāllahāria ga maita'' (Tāllahāria river). | ||
* '''gu(n) — ša''' — circumposition only used around verbs used to negate them, e.g. ''gu yuyųlsegde ša'' "(s)he doesn't want to eat"). Note that the ''ša'' element is omitted if the verb is attributive. | * '''gu(n) — ša''' — circumposition only used around verbs used to negate them, e.g. ''gu yuyųlsegde ša'' "(s)he doesn't want to eat"). Note that the ''ša'' element is omitted if the verb is attributive. | ||
* '''lā''' (arch. ''lapi'') — with (comitative); requires essive case (e.g. '' | * '''lā''' (arch. ''lapi'') — with (comitative); requires essive case (e.g. ''lilyąa ñæltęs lā'' "with my sister"). Similarly, | ||
* '''mei''' and '''go''' — the Chlouvānem words for "yes" and "no" respectively; their use is however different from English, as they are used according to the polarity of the question: ''mei'' answers "yes" to affirmative questions and "no" to negative questions; ''go'' answers "no" to affirmative questions and "yes" to negative questions. | * '''mei''' and '''go''' — the Chlouvānem words for "yes" and "no" respectively; their use is however different from English, as they are used according to the polarity of the question: ''mei'' answers "yes" to affirmative questions and "no" to negative questions; ''go'' answers "no" to affirmative questions and "yes" to negative questions. | ||
* '''mūji''' — almost, more or less | * '''mūji''' — almost, more or less | ||
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* '''nāṭ''' — already | * '''nāṭ''' — already | ||
* '''tælū''' — again | * '''tælū''' — again | ||
* '''udvī''' — without; requires essive case (e.g. '' | * '''udvī''' — without; requires essive case (e.g. ''lilyąa ñæltęs udvī'' "without my sister"). | ||
* '''vivāmi''' — too much. Requires a noun in genitive case or a verb in the indicative mood. | * '''vivāmi''' — too much. Requires a noun in genitive case or a verb in the indicative mood. | ||
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* '''gāri''' means "not even", being the opposite of ''eri'', marking a negative emphasis in negative sentences (e.g. ''hulābdān chlǣvānumi dældān gāri gu dældire ša'' "(s)he doesn't even speak correct Chlouvānem") | * '''gāri''' means "not even", being the opposite of ''eri'', marking a negative emphasis in negative sentences (e.g. ''hulābdān chlǣvānumi dældān gāri gu dældire ša'' "(s)he doesn't even speak correct Chlouvānem") | ||
* '''nane''' is a tag question, e.g. ''camiyūs vali dam nane?'' "you're from Cami, aren't you?" | * '''nane''' is a tag question, e.g. ''camiyūs vali dam nane?'' "you're from Cami, aren't you?" | ||
* '''naihā''' is a tag question much like ''nane'', but is used when the speaker is in doubt and/or expects a contradictory answer, e.g. '' | * '''naihā''' is a tag question much like ''nane'', but is used when the speaker is in doubt and/or expects a contradictory answer, e.g. ''lære draute dam naihā?'' "did I do it yesterday, or...?" | ||
* '''pos''' is a filler with a meaning similar to ''tau'', but it is more properly translated as emphasizing that the speaker considers the statement as a general truth or a widely accepted thing, e.g. ''ālīce jeldegde pos'' "yeah, everybody knows (s)he acts that way/does that kind of things." | * '''pos''' is a filler with a meaning similar to ''tau'', but it is more properly translated as emphasizing that the speaker considers the statement as a general truth or a widely accepted thing, e.g. ''ālīce jeldegde pos'' "yeah, everybody knows (s)he acts that way/does that kind of things." | ||
* '''sāṭ''' expresses the speaker's doubt about the honesty of the expressed action, e.g. '' | * '''sāṭ''' expresses the speaker's doubt about the honesty of the expressed action, e.g. ''tamye tamyu draukæ sāṭ'' "(s)he did it for me, but I don't believe that's what (s)he really wanted" or "as if (s)he really did it for me!" | ||
* '''tau''' emphasizes that the fact expressed is considered obvious, and is fairly colloquial, e.g. ''lārvājuṣe ēk tau'' "huh, I was at the temple, nothing else"; ''kitui vasau tau'' "I drove home [what else could I do?]" | * '''tau''' emphasizes that the fact expressed is considered obvious, and is fairly colloquial, e.g. ''lārvājuṣe ēk tau'' "huh, I was at the temple, nothing else"; ''kitui vasau tau'' "I drove home [what else could I do?]" | ||
* '''tva''' puts strong emphasis on a declarative sentence; it is fairly colloquial and not polite, and thus avoided in formal speech, e.g. ''nenēyu | * '''tva''' puts strong emphasis on a declarative sentence; it is fairly colloquial and not polite, and thus avoided in formal speech, e.g. ''nenēyu daudyute tati ukulaṃte tva!'' "damn, I said I want that, shut up!" | ||
==Derivational morphology (''vāmbeithausire maivāndarāmita'')== | ==Derivational morphology (''vāmbeithausire maivāndarāmita'')== | ||