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Alpatho-Hirtic languages: Difference between revisions
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===Lexicography=== | ===Lexicography=== | ||
A basic Proto-Oronaic vocabulary, consisting of words for family members (mother, sister, son), body parts (head, heart, tooth, eye), nature objects(star, fire, water, stone, branch), basic verbs (go, live, fall, see, hear, know) and pronouns (I, you, who), numerals two and three, can be reconstructed, but many of these words lack regular phonetic correspondences due to a large timescale of the proto-language and a small number of credible materials on the Hirtya language. | A basic Proto-Oronaic vocabulary, consisting of words for family members (mother, sister, son), body parts (head, heart, tooth, eye), nature objects(star, fire, water, stone, branch), basic verbs (go, live, fall, see, hear, know) and pronouns (I, you, who), numerals two and three, can be reconstructed, but many of these words lack regular phonetic correspondences due to a large timescale of the proto-language and a small number of credible materials on the Hirtya language. | ||
The following is table of a few cognates across the Oronaic family, which can give the idea, how different languages developed and changed. In the table below only cognates are listed (without their translations - their meanings can be different from the meanings of the word in the proto-language). Only those words, which didn't change their meaning too much, are chosen down below ( for instance, тыхц (tyhc) in Hirtya actually means "thick ice layer", not just "ice", but it is still a recognizable meaning). | |||
{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="3" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | English | |||
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | Proto-Oronaic | |||
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| Alpian | |||
! colspan="5" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| Carpathian | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| Hirtian | |||
|- | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Baaye | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | North Vaand | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Vaand | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | West Carpathian | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Prešov Carpathian | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Jīri Carpathian | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | East Carpatian | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | South Carpathian | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Hirtya | |||
|- | |||
| 'mother' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *ěmmè/*ěmbe | |||
| emme || èmme || àmme | |||
| emma || amma || emma || omma || ăma | |||
| эмэни (emeni), эмбэ (embe) | |||
|- | |||
| 'water' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *ćećä/*ćäˀćä | |||
| tied || tzeed || tsääs | |||
| siecä || šeače || šēče || šēče || šic | |||
| сят (śat), цет (ćet) | |||
|- | |||
| 'ice' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | śakćə<sub>3</sub> | |||
| takke || takk || tauk | |||
| sēhca || šieču || šēča || šeači || šac | |||
| тыхц (tyhc) | |||
|- | |||
| 'fish' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *àsŋə<sub>2</sub>-n | |||
| unche || anke || ange | |||
| osne || osse || vosse || vošše || oskĕ | |||
| ыcан (ysan) | |||
|- | |||
| 'frost' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *mur(ń)ə | |||
| mun || mure || mure | |||
| mursi || murse || morse || morse || mon | |||
| муунь (muuń) | |||
|- | |||
| 'head' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *bà’jə<sub>3</sub> | |||
| bude || bäde || bädi | |||
| ojva || ojvu || vojva || vojvi || oivă | |||
| вуо’ (wuo’) | |||
|- | |||
| 'eye' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *gèri-ki | |||
| gersch || gèrsch || gaasch | |||
| erkä || jorke || erke || jerke || gerki | |||
| ыр (yr) | |||
|- | |||
| 'house/home' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *kodju | |||
| kasch || kasch || – | |||
| kōdu || kōlu || kōlo || kōje || koi | |||
| квай (k<sup>w</sup>ai) | |||
|- | |||
| 'star' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *gooklu(j) | |||
| gukkel || goukl || gookl | |||
| oalli || oallu || vuolla || vuolle || goilă | |||
| кволь (k<sup>w</sup>oĺ) | |||
|- | |||
| 'bone' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *sääśkə<sub>1</sub> | |||
| siesch || seets || säits | |||
| – || – || – || – || seskĕ | |||
| сэш (seš), сэт (set) | |||
|- | |||
| 'sand' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''tüün-i''' | |||
| jön || jeune || jeune | |||
| tuini || tini || tuini || tuine || tüni | |||
| чунь (čuń) | |||
|- | |||
| 'mouse' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | ś(j)iŋrə<sub>1</sub> | |||
| – || – || – | |||
| šīri || šiere || śiere || siere || sirĕ | |||
| шиир (šiir), шэйəр (šejər) | |||
|- | |||
| 'moon' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | köö’cü<sub>1</sub> | |||
| kös || keutze || keutze | |||
| keahci || keace || kiehce || kiehče || köci | |||
| сю’ə (śu’ə) | |||
|- | |||
| 'to live' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *wel- | |||
| feln || velen || vellen | |||
| ēli || ēlid || ēlahet || jēllat || elăt | |||
| xэли (heli) | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
| 'to hear' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | *(n)jel- | |||
| dieln || delen || zellen | |||
| īli || ielid || jēlet || jēlet || jilĕt | |||
| ни’льи (ni’ĺi) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
*Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation (⟨š⟩ [ʃ], ⟨č⟩ [t͡ʃ]) in Carpathian and Hirtian romanization. Palatal articulation is represented with an acute over a consonant (⟨ś⟩ [sʲ~ɕ], ⟨ć⟩ [tsʲ~tɕ], ⟨ń⟩ [nʲ~ɲ]). Long vowels are indicated with a macron (⟨ā⟩) in Carpathian or double letters elsewhere. In South Carpathian ⟨ĕ⟩ and ⟨ă⟩ represent reduced vowels [ɘ~ɜ] and [ə] respectively. In Alpian ⟨ts⟩ is for [t͡ʃ],⟨z⟩ and ⟨tz⟩ are for [t͡s], ⟨sch⟩ for [ʃ], ⟨è⟩ is for [ɤ] in North Vaand, ⟨à⟩ represents [a] in Vaand and ⟨a⟩ is [ɒ] in Alpian languages, ⟨eu⟩ is [œɪ] and ⟨ie⟩ is [iː] in Baaye, but [ɪe] in Vaand. | |||
===Comparison=== | ===Comparison=== | ||
[[Category:Language families]] | [[Category:Language families]] | ||