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Alpatho-Hirtic languages: Difference between revisions
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===Comparison=== | ===Comparison=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Feature | |||
! style="background-color: #fcdd80"| Baaye !! style="background-color: #fcdd80"| Vaand | |||
! style="background-color: #b4f7f7"| West Carpatian !! style="background-color: #b4f7f7"| East Carpathian !! style="background-color: #b4f7f7"| South Carpathian | |||
!style="background-color: #eded6d"| Hirtya | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Palatalization | |||
| − || − || + || + || + || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Diphthongs | |||
| + || + || + || + || + || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Voiceless/voiced<br/>distinction in stops | |||
| + || + || − || − || − || ±<sup style="position: absolute">1</sup> | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Vowel length | |||
| + || + || + || + || + || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Consonant length | |||
| −<sup style="position: absolute">2</sup> || + || + || + || + || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Consonant gradation | |||
| − || −<sup style="position: absolute">3</sup> || + || + || + || ±<sup style="position: absolute">4</sup> | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Grammatical vowel alternation<br/>([[w:Apophony|ablaut]]) | |||
| + || + || + || + || + || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Dual number | |||
| − || − || − || − || − || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Distinction between<br/>inner and outer local cases | |||
| − || − || + || + || + || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! [[w:Essive case|Essive case]] | |||
| − || ±<sup style="position: absolute">5</sup> || + || + || + || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Article<br/>(marking of [[w:Definiteness|definiteness]]) | |||
| + || + || − || − || + || − | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Passive voice | |||
| − || − || − || − || − || − | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Positive/negative<br/>verb distinction | |||
| ±<sup style="position: absolute">6</sup> || ±<sup style="position: absolute">6</sup> || + || + || + || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! Verb-like suffixes | |||
| + || + || + || + || + || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|Incorporation]] | |||
| + || + || + || + || + || + | |||
|-align="center" | |||
! SVO word order | |||
| + || + || ±<sup style="position: absolute">7</sup> || ±<sup style="position: absolute">7</sup> || ±<sup style="position: absolute">7</sup> || − | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
# usually grammatical voiced consonants can only be found in Komi and Russian loanwords. Otherwise they alter with respective voiced fricatives. | |||
# the distinction was lost in the XIXth century, but is preserved in some transitional dialects to North Vaand. | |||
# there are only qualitative consonant alterations, the quantitative gradation was lost in almost all the nouns, but preserves in verbs. | |||
# the gramatical status of a consonant gradation in Hirtya is disputed. It may actually be explaned via assimilation of consonant clusters. | |||
# the ''-kup'' suffix does not act like a real case in Vaand. | |||
# obsolete. Some of these "negative" verbs have different meanings from their "positive" counterparts. | |||
# the word order in Carpathian is free, however SOV for short sentences and SVO for long ones are the most common word orders. | |||
[[Category:Language families]] | [[Category:Language families]] | ||