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Proto-Oronaic: Difference between revisions
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Some models propose *ë /ɵ/ in non-initial syllables to actually be a reduced vowel, since it sometimes contrasts ə<sub>4</sub> in words with rounded vowels. | Some models propose *ë /ɵ/ in non-initial syllables to actually be a reduced vowel, since it sometimes contrasts ə<sub>4</sub> in words with rounded vowels. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The consonant system was also larger than in modern Oronaic languages, except for Hirtya. Like modern Alpian languages it had a voiced-voiceless contrast as well as a plain-geminated one. Palatalization was a phonemic feature already in proto-Oronaic, but it was not widespread and palatalized consonants were present only in a few reconstructed words. Some scholars claim palatalized consonants actually being consonant clusters with /j/, but it has not yet been proved for palatalized sonorants. There is a theory, that has become especially popular nowadays, which implies the contrast between dental and alveolar sounds (at least in plosives and fricatives), based on the outcome of these consonants in different branches. Both traditional and new theories are represented in tables below: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Traditional view | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| | |||
! Bilabial | |||
! Dental | |||
! Palatalized | |||
! Postalveolar | |||
! Velar | |||
! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Nasal | |||
| m /m/ | |||
| n /n/ | |||
| ń /nʲ ~ ɲ/ | |||
| | |||
| ŋ /ŋ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Plosive | |||
! Voiceless | |||
| p /p/ | |||
| t /t/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| k /k/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Voiced | |||
| b /b/ | |||
| d /d/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| g /g/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Fricatives | |||
| | |||
| s /s/ | |||
| ś /sʲ ~ ɕ/ | |||
| š /ʃ~ʂ/<ref group=note> becomes /h/ in Hirtian, /t͡ʃ/ or /ʃ/ in Alpian and /sʲ/ in Carpathian.</ref> | |||
| | |||
| h /h ~ ɦ/ | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Affricate | |||
| | |||
| c /t͡s/ | |||
| ć /t͡sʲ ~ t͡ɕ/ | |||
| (č /t͡ʃ/)<ref group=note> dissapears in Alpian, except for *ačə<sub>3</sub>, in which it irregularly gives ch /x/.</ref> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Lateral | |||
| | |||
| l /l/ | |||
| ľ /lʲ ~ ʎ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Trill | |||
| | |||
| r /r/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Approximant | |||
| w /w/ | |||
| | |||
| j /j/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{{reflist|group=note}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ New theory | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Bilabial | |||
! Lamino-<br>dental | |||
! Apico-<br>alveolar | |||
! Palatalized | |||
! Velar | |||
! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! Nasal | |||
| m /m/ | |||
| n /n̪/ | |||
| | |||
| ń /nʲ ~ ɲ/ | |||
| ŋ /ŋ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Plosive | |||
| p /p/ | |||
| t /t̻/ | |||
| t̺ /t̺/ | |||
| | |||
| k /k/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Sibilants | |||
| | |||
| s /s̻/ | |||
| s̺ /s̺/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| h /h ~ ɦ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Spirants | |||
| b /β/ | |||
| d /ð/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| g /ɣ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Affricate | |||
| | |||
| c /ts̻/ | |||
| c̺ /ts̺// | |||
| (ć /t͡sʲ ~ t͡ɕ/) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Lateral | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| l /l/ | |||
| ľ /lʲ ~ ʎ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Trill | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| r /r/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Approximant | |||
| w /w/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| j /j/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
| Line 87: | Line 243: | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
[[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]] | [[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]] | ||
[[Category:Proto-languages]] | |||