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Vowel mutation
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(Vowel mutation)
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Optionally, an apostrophe may also be used to break instances where the letters <r> or <l> occur next to an <h> without forming the digraphs <rh> and <lh>. This would distinguish Central Efenol ''marh'' /maʀ/ ('lean, without fat') from ''mar'h'' /maɾx/ ('frame'). The sequence <rh> is unambiguously /ɾx/ in Northern Efenol (as it lacks the <rh> digraph) so it never requires a 'breaking' apostrophe. Similarly, word-final <rh> is unambiguously /ɾx/ in all dialects other than Central Efenol since they don not allow word-final /ʀ/. Similarly, breaking the <lh> digraph is only necessary in Northern Efenol as Central, North-Eastern and Eastern dialects lack the phoneme represented as <lh> sound.
Optionally, an apostrophe may also be used to break instances where the letters <r> or <l> occur next to an <h> without forming the digraphs <rh> and <lh>. This would distinguish Central Efenol ''marh'' /maʀ/ ('lean, without fat') from ''mar'h'' /maɾx/ ('frame'). The sequence <rh> is unambiguously /ɾx/ in Northern Efenol (as it lacks the <rh> digraph) so it never requires a 'breaking' apostrophe. Similarly, word-final <rh> is unambiguously /ɾx/ in all dialects other than Central Efenol since they don not allow word-final /ʀ/. Similarly, breaking the <lh> digraph is only necessary in Northern Efenol as Central, North-Eastern and Eastern dialects lack the phoneme represented as <lh> sound.
===Mutation===
Efenol makes an extensive use of both vowel mutation (or ablaut) and consonant mutation. These processes occur both diachronically (in the evolution from Spanish to Efenol) and synchronically (within the modern language as part of its grammar). For the most part, the same changes are involved in both cases (dia- and synchronically).
====Vowel mutation====
There are three main types of vowel mutation. Two of them are the result of a now-lost front vowel (either Spanish /i/ or /e/): strong i-ablaut and weak i-ablaut. Synchronically i-ablaut is used for plural forming where strong i-ablaut affects stressed syllables while weak i-ablaut affects the rest; diachronically only only one form of i-ablaut is found, typically affecting a vowel that preceded a a /CjV/ sequence. A third type of vowel mutation from an elided rounded back vowel: u-ablaut.
The following table illustrates the results of these three kinds of synchronic vowel mutation for the most common vowel combinations in Western Efenol. Notices that in this dialect <ë> and <ij> are read as /ɛ/ and /yː/ respectively.
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center;" | Vowel
! style="text-align: center;" | Strong i-ablaut
! style="text-align: center;" | Weak i-ablaut
! style="text-align: center;" | U-ablaut
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | ei
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | ò
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | î
| style="text-align: center;" | i
| style="text-align: center;" | ë
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | i
| style="text-align: center;" | î
| style="text-align: center;" | i
| style="text-align: center;" | y
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | o
| style="text-align: center;" | ë
| style="text-align: center;" | ë
| style="text-align: center;" | o
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | u
| style="text-align: center;" | ij
| style="text-align: center;" | y
| style="text-align: center;" | u
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | y
| style="text-align: center;" | ij
| style="text-align: center;" | y
| style="text-align: center;" | y
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ë
| style="text-align: center;" | ëi
| style="text-align: center;" | ë
| style="text-align: center;" | ëu
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ò
| style="text-align: center;" | oi
| style="text-align: center;" | ay
| style="text-align: center;" | au
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | â
| style="text-align: center;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | òu
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ê
| style="text-align: center;" | î
| style="text-align: center;" | î
| style="text-align: center;" | ey
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | î
| style="text-align: center;" | î
| style="text-align: center;" | î
| style="text-align: center;" | ij
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ô
| style="text-align: center;" | oi
| style="text-align: center;" | oi
| style="text-align: center;" | ou
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | û
| style="text-align: center;" | ij
| style="text-align: center;" | ij
| style="text-align: center;" | û
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ij
| style="text-align: center;" | ij
| style="text-align: center;" | ij
| style="text-align: center;" | ij
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | ay
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | au
| style="text-align: center;" | ay
| style="text-align: center;" | ay
| style="text-align: center;" | au
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ei
| style="text-align: center;" | î
| style="text-align: center;" | î
| style="text-align: center;" | ij
|}
Diachronic i-ablaut mostly coincides with modern strong i-ablaut, the main differences being that an i-ablaut /e/ and /u/  yielded short vowels /i/ and /y/ (respectively). It should also be noted that Spanish /we/ (which yields <ë> in Efenol) is i-ablauted to /y/. Meanwhile, diachronic u-ablaut differs on the result of u-ablauted /o/ and /u/ (as well as Spanish /we/) being a long /u/ <û> rather than leaving /o/ and /u/ unchanged as found in synchronic u-ablaut.
Other Efenol dialects follow a similar vowel-mutation table with the following differences:
* The appropriate orthographic conventions are to be used. For instance, long /y/ would be written <ŷ> rather than <ij> in dialects other than Western and North-Western Efenol.
* Northern, North-Eastern and Eastern dialects replace instances of <ë> with <ö>.
* Eastern Efenol, North-Eastern Efenol and all varieties without a phonemic contrasts between /o/ and /ɔ/ replace <ò> with <o>.
* Strong i-ablauted <ô> yields <öe> in Northern Efenol.
* U-ablauted <ê> yields <eu> in Northern, North-Eastern and Eatern Efenol rather than <ey>.
* Northern and North-Eastern Efenol do not allow diphthongs with <y> as a second element, replacing <ay> and with <ai>. This is also true for some speakers of Central and Eastern Efenol.
* In North-Western Efenol, the diphthongs <ai>, <au>, <ey> and <oi> become <ae>, <ao>, <eo> and <oe>. The dipthong <ay> is preserved as such in writing although it's also commonly realies as /ao/ and some speakers may prefer to write it <ao>.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Jotadiego
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