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Efenol: Difference between revisions
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Reflexive verbs
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The cluster <sc>, when pronounced /sθ/, is simplified to /θ/: escena > ''ethen''. | The cluster <sc>, when pronounced /sθ/, is simplified to /θ/: escena > ''ethen''. | ||
It should be noted that the Spanish suffix -ción (corresponding to English -tion) always corresponds to ''-thôn'' with an i-ablaut on the preceding vowel (although Northern Efenol consistently omits the i-ablaut for this suffix). | It should be noted that the Spanish suffix -ción (corresponding to English -tion) always corresponds to ''-thôn'' with an i-ablaut on the preceding vowel (although Northern Efenol consistently omits the i-ablaut for this suffix). It's plural, however, becomes ''-thën'' rather than the expected ''-thoin''. | ||
Elsewhere, Spanish C is pronounced as a /k/. This phoneme evolves in different ways depending on its context. The following notes will assume that the phoneme is not followed by a /w/ (a Spanish 'u' forming a rising dipthong) as /kw/ has a particular behaviour that will be discussed in a subsection of its own. | Elsewhere, Spanish C is pronounced as a /k/. This phoneme evolves in different ways depending on its context. The following notes will assume that the phoneme is not followed by a /w/ (a Spanish 'u' forming a rising dipthong) as /kw/ has a particular behaviour that will be discussed in a subsection of its own. | ||
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As in the preceding sections, statements and examples can be assumed to apply to the standard form of the language, Western Efenol, unless otherwise noted. | As in the preceding sections, statements and examples can be assumed to apply to the standard form of the language, Western Efenol, unless otherwise noted. | ||
=== | ===Grammar=== | ||
====Nouns==== | ====Nouns==== | ||
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As in most other Romance languages, acusative pronouns precede verbs in Efenol rather than coming after them as most direct objects. Forms with an apostrophe are used before vowel-initial verbs ''unless'' they are only one syllable long, in which case the full pronoun may be used for euphony: ''te cijr'' (I'm fond of you) vs ''t'adhor'' (I adore you) but ''te òm'' (I love you). Some forms are in free variation such as ''nô'' and ''noz'' for 'us' in some varieties (''noz'' is increasingly common and displacing ''nô'' in all such varieties). Northern Efenol ''lio'' vs ''lia'' correspond to accusative non-reflexive forms of masculine and feminine third person plural respectively. | As in most other Romance languages, acusative pronouns precede verbs in Efenol rather than coming after them as most direct objects. Forms with an apostrophe are used before vowel-initial verbs ''unless'' they are only one syllable long, in which case the full pronoun may be used for euphony: ''te cijr'' (I'm fond of you) vs ''t'adhor'' (I adore you) but ''te òm'' (I love you). Some forms are in free variation such as ''nô'' and ''noz'' for 'us' in some varieties (''noz'' is increasingly common and displacing ''nô'' in all such varieties). Northern Efenol ''lio'' vs ''lia'' correspond to accusative non-reflexive forms of masculine and feminine third person plural respectively. | ||
Infinitives, gerunds, imperatives and compound verb tenses which include such verbforms (progressive tenses with gerunds, simple future with infinitives), however, require accusative pronouns to follow the verb (optional in Eastern and North-Eastern dialects). These post-verbal accusative pronouns are subject to rhotic mutation if preceded by an -r (as in all infinitives) or an /l/ and nasal-mutation if preceded by a nasal (as in all gerunds other than in Northern Efenol). In all cases, these pronouns are separated from the preceding verb with a hyphen. | |||
Examples: ''dethir-the'' (to tell you), ''thë mirann-lho'' (I am looking at them), ''bë ather-lo'' (I am going to do it), ''Defîrth-te!'' (Wake [yourself] up!). | |||
Efenol pronouns also feature an ''oblique'' form used along prepositions. These oblique forms only differ from the nominative for first person singular (I) and second person singular (you): ''mî'' and ''tî'' respectively. Reflexive may be expressed through ''sî'' or, far more commonly, by a regular third person pronoun (Spanish "para sí" meaning 'for himself', may be reflected as ''pâr sî'' but is more likely to shift to "pâr el"). A large number of Eastern Efenol speakers (as well as a minority of Northern Efenol speakers), however, use the nominative forms for all pronouns along prepositions. Additionally, dialectal Western Efenol, Central Efenol and some forms of Eastern Efenol use ''mij/mŷ'' and ''thij/thŷ'' along with the preposition ''con'' (preserving Spanish 'conmigo' and 'contigo'). It should be noted that prepositions may form contractions with vowel-initial pronouns. | Efenol pronouns also feature an ''oblique'' form used along prepositions. These oblique forms only differ from the nominative for first person singular (I) and second person singular (you): ''mî'' and ''tî'' respectively. Reflexive may be expressed through ''sî'' or, far more commonly, by a regular third person pronoun (Spanish "para sí" meaning 'for himself', may be reflected as ''pâr sî'' but is more likely to shift to "pâr el"). A large number of Eastern Efenol speakers (as well as a minority of Northern Efenol speakers), however, use the nominative forms for all pronouns along prepositions. Additionally, dialectal Western Efenol, Central Efenol and some forms of Eastern Efenol use ''mij/mŷ'' and ''thij/thŷ'' along with the preposition ''con'' (preserving Spanish 'conmigo' and 'contigo'). It should be noted that prepositions may form contractions with vowel-initial pronouns. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| Irregular: -ear | | Irregular: -ear | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | avytcâr | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | avytcê | ||
avytcâs | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | avytcês | ||
avytcâs | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | avytcê | ||
avytcâs | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | avytcêm | ||
avytcâsem | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | avytcei | ||
avytcâsî | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | avytcên | ||
avytcâsen | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | boo | | style="text-align: center;" | boo | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| style="text-align: center;" | go | | style="text-align: center;" | go | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Reflexive verbs and passive===== | |||
As in Spanish, many Efenol verbs are reflexive. These verbs are characterized by always having an accusative pronoun affix which matches their subject: ''me'' for 1s, ''te'' for 2s, reflexive ''se'' for 3s and 3p, ''noth'' for 1p and ''both'' for 2p (and the corresponding dialectal variants; post-verbal pronoun forms are used for infinitives, gerunds and compound tenses with these nonfinite verbforms). | |||
This kind of construction appears in the following scenarios: | |||
* True reflexives where the subject and the direct object a transitive verb coincide: ''me bhë'' for 'I see myself'. | |||
* As a passive construction for transitive verbs where the promoted object becomes a third-person reflexive subject: ''Noth cantham a·cînthën'' (We sing the songs) -> ''A·cînthën se cánthan'' (The songs are sung, literally 'the songs sing themselves'). | |||
* Some verbs simply require reflexive construcitons by default as they were inherited as such from Spanish. These verbs sometimes come in pairs with a non-reflexive equivalent. For instance, the verb ''dërmir'' (from Spanish "dormir") is used as follows: | |||
** Non-reflexively: as an intransitive verb meaning 'to sleep': ''seo dërm'' (I sleep) | |||
** Non-reflexively: as a transitive verb meaning 'to make someone sleep': ''A·mhádher dërm l'ich'' (The woman has [her] child sleep). | |||
** Reflexively: to fall sleep: ''Me dërmî'' (I fell asleep). | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||