Efenol: Difference between revisions

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Efenol (view source)

Revision as of 03:31, 17 July 2018

52,182 bytes added ,  17 July 2018
Dialect comparison
m (Reflexive verbs)
(Dialect comparison)
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| /ʀ/
| /ʀ/
| Not used in Northern Efenol. Some Central Efenol speakers merge /ʀ/ and /r/ into /r/. Those
| Not used in Northern Efenol. Some Central Efenol speakers merge /ʀ/ and /r/ into /r/. Those
speakers may replace all instances of <rg> with <r> (if word-initial) or <rr> (otherwise).
speakers may replace all instances of <rh> /ʀ/ with <r> (if word-initial) or <rr> (otherwise).


The letters may also be read individually as /ɾx/; an apostrophe may be used to unambiguously
The letters may also be read individually as /ɾx/; an apostrophe may be used to unambiguously
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Examples: burro > ''bûr'', vida > ''bidh'', la vida > ''a·bhidh'', en vida > ''mbidh''.
Examples: burro > ''bûr'', vida > ''bidh'', la vida > ''a·bhidh'', en vida > ''mbidh''.


In word-initial position the clusters <br> and <bl> are also preserved in Western Efenol. The latter, <bl>, is reduced to <v> /v/ in Northern and North-Eastern Efenol, adding a coda <l> to the first syllable unless it already had a coda other than /s/ or /θ/ (this may result in a rhotic mutation of a neighboring plosive).
In word-initial position the clusters 'br' and 'bl' are also preserved in Western Efenol. The latter, <bl>, is reduced to <v> /v/ in Northern and North-Eastern Efenol, adding a coda <l> to the first syllable unless it already had a coda other than /s/ or /θ/ (this may result in a rhotic mutation of a neighboring plosive).


Examples: brusco > ''bruch'', bloquear > ''blogâr'' (Northern: ''vol'hâr''), blusa > ''blus'' (Nothern ''vuls''), blanco > ''blanch'' (Northern: ''vanh'').
Examples: brusco > ''bruch'', bloquear > ''blogâr'' (Northern: ''vol'hâr''), blusa > ''blus'' (Nothern ''vuls''), blanco > ''blanch'' (Northern: ''vanh'').
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Examples: albañil > ''alveinil'', alba > ''álabh'', malvado > ''malvadh'', calvo > ''cálobh''.
Examples: albañil > ''alveinil'', alba > ''álabh'', malvado > ''malvadh'', calvo > ''cálobh''.


Non-initial Spanish <br> and <bl> clusters are broken by moving the second element to the coda of the same syllable. If the syllable already had a non-fricative coda, an echo vowel is added. This also results in the lenition of the original <b> to <v> /v/. Notice that the sequences <mbr> and <mbl> are treated irregularly in some dialects.
Non-initial Spanish 'br' and 'bl' clusters are broken by moving the second element to the coda of the same syllable. If the syllable already had a non-fricative coda, an echo vowel is added. This also results in the lenition of the original <b> to <v> /v/. Notice that the sequences <mbr> and <mbl> are treated irregularly in some dialects.


Examples: abrazo > ''avarth'', abril > ''*avirl'' > ''aviril'', cobre > ''cóver'', hablar > ''avalar'', tabla > ''tával'', hombre > ''ónver'', emblema > ''envelem''.
Examples: abrazo > ''avarth'', abril > ''*avirl'' > ''aviril'', cobre > ''cóver'', hablar > ''avalar'', tabla > ''tával'', hombre > ''ónver'', emblema > ''envelem''.
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====Spanish Ch====
====Spanish Ch====


As in English 'church'', the Spanish digraph <ch> represents a an affricate /tʃ/. This phoneme is mostly lost in Efenol, although it later reemerged in many Efenol varieties (most notably in Eastern Efenol as a palalized Spanish /k/).
As in English 'church', the Spanish digraph <ch> represents a an affricate /tʃ/. This phoneme is mostly lost in Efenol, although it later reemerged in many Efenol varieties (most notably in Eastern Efenol as a palalized Spanish /k/).


In Western and North-Western Efenol, a word-initial Spanish <ch> is inherited as <tc>, a combination that may be pronounced as /tʃ/ or /ʃ/. The same word-initial onset is inherited as /tj/ in Northern Efenol and as /sj/ in other varieties.
In Western and North-Western Efenol, a word-initial Spanish <ch> is inherited as <tc>, a combination that may be pronounced as /tʃ/ or /ʃ/. The same word-initial onset is inherited as /tj/ in Northern Efenol and as /sj/ in other varieties.
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Examples: noche > ''nët'' (Northern: ''nöts'', Eastern: ''nötç''), ochenta > ''ëtenth'' (Northern: ''ötsenz'', Eastern: ''öçenz''), marcha > ''meirt'' (Northern: ''meirts'', Eastern: ''meirç''), colcha > ''cëlt'' (Northern: ''cölts'', Eastern: ''çöltç'').
Examples: noche > ''nët'' (Northern: ''nöts'', Eastern: ''nötç''), ochenta > ''ëtenth'' (Northern: ''ötsenz'', Eastern: ''öçenz''), marcha > ''meirt'' (Northern: ''meirts'', Eastern: ''meirç''), colcha > ''cëlt'' (Northern: ''cölts'', Eastern: ''çöltç'').


Some Western and Central Efenol speakers may replace the resulting <lt> and <rt> with <lth> and <rth>.
Some Western and Central Efenol speakers may replace the resulting 'lt' and 'rt' with <lth> and <rth>.


====Spanish D====
====Spanish D====
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The Spanish letter R has two pronunciations: an alveolar trill /r/ and an alveolar flap /ɾ/. The former (the trill /r/) is represented by a single <r> word-initially and after the consonants <l> and <n> and as a double R (<rr>) between vowels. The flap, /ɾ/, doesn't occur in word-initial position (nor after <l> or <n>) and is represented as a single <r> elsewhere.
The Spanish letter R has two pronunciations: an alveolar trill /r/ and an alveolar flap /ɾ/. The former (the trill /r/) is represented by a single <r> word-initially and after the consonants <l> and <n> and as a double R (<rr>) between vowels. The flap, /ɾ/, doesn't occur in word-initial position (nor after <l> or <n>) and is represented as a single <r> elsewhere.


It should be noted that there are some compounds which retain a trilled /r/ in positions where a flap /ɾ/ would be expected. Spanish orthography fails to account for this; compare the <br> cluster in 'cubra' /ˈku.bɾa/ (with a flap, as expected) vs 'subrayado' /sub.ra.ˈʝa.do/ (with a trill, as in the prefixless word 'rayado' /ra.ˈʝa.do/).
It should be noted that there are some compounds which retain a trilled /r/ in positions where a flap /ɾ/ would be expected. Spanish orthography fails to account for this; compare the 'br' cluster in 'cubra' /ˈku.bɾa/ (with a flap, as expected) vs 'subrayado' /sub.ra.ˈʝa.do/ (with a trill, as in the prefixless word 'rayado' /ra.ˈʝa.do/).


=====Spanish R as a trill (r or rr)=====
=====Spanish R as a trill (r or rr)=====
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rayo > reis
rayo > reis
| style="text-align: center;" | /nz/
| style="text-align: center;" | /nz/
inyectar > enzêtar
inyectar > enzetar
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Central
| style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Central
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** Non-reflexively: as a transitive verb meaning 'to make someone sleep': ''A·mhádher dërm l'ich'' (The woman has [her] child sleep).
** Non-reflexively: as a transitive verb meaning 'to make someone sleep': ''A·mhádher dërm l'ich'' (The woman has [her] child sleep).
** Reflexively: to fall sleep: ''Me dërmî'' (I fell asleep).
** Reflexively: to fall sleep: ''Me dërmî'' (I fell asleep).
==Dialect overview==
Efenol can be seen as a dialect continuum with six main varieties (aside from the markedly different Southern Efenol): the Western dialect which serves as the basis for Standard Efenol, North-Western Efenol, Central Efenol, Eastern Efenol, North-Eastern Efenol and Northern Efenol.
The purpose of this section is to sum up the most important features which differentiate dialects other than Western Efenol from the standard.
===Western Efenol===
Western Efenol is the main Efenol proper dialect and the basis for Standard Efenol. This dialect has a few peculiarities when compared to the rest such as the usage of gendered contracted prepositions before the gender-neutral articles <l'> and <s'> (''nge l'ónver'' vs ''con l'ónver'') or the shift of word-final /v/ to [β]. It is also the only dialect that realiably contrasts the reflexes of Spanish /o/ and /aw/ as ''o'' /o/ and ''ò'' /ɔ/.
'''Overview:'''
* Phonology:
** Vowels: /a ɛ ɔ e o i y u/ (some non-standard varieties may have inventories as small as /a e̞ o̞ i y u/).
** Broken clusters CRV# yield CVR#: Spanish "tabla", "padre", "otro" > ''tával'' /ˈta.val/, ''pádher'' /ˈpa.ðeɾ/, ''óthor'' /ˈo.θoɾ/.
** Contrast between voiced plosives /b d g/ and voiced fricatives /v ð/.
** Word-intial /bl/: /bl/, Spanish "blanco" > ''blanch'' /blaŋx/.
** Final /ɾm/, /ɾb/: not broken, Spanish "arma", "barba" > ''arm'' /ˈaɾm/, ''barbh'' /ˈbaɾβ/.
** Palatalization: none.
** Word final /g/ pronounced /ç/ (still spelled as <g>).
** Lenited 'g' becomes <gh>, pronounced as a glottal stop /ʔ/ or silent.
** Spanish /gl/:  [ɫ]~[ɬ]~[ɮ].
** Development of /ʝ/: Spanish "yunque", "mayor", "rayo", "inyectar" > ''seunch'' /ʃuŋx/, ''meisor'' /mei.ˈsoɾ/, ''reis'' /reis/, ''inzêtar'' /in.seː.ˈtaɾ/.
** Spanish /mb/: Spanish "bomba", "bombas", "reembolso", "hombre" > ''bomm'' /bom/, ''bëhb'' /bɛb/, ''rêbolz'' /reː.ˈbolz/, ''ónver'' /ˈon.veɾ/.
** Spanish /ɲ/: shifts to /n/, Spanish "año" > ''ein'' /ein/.
** Spanish /kw/ becomes 'pw' /p/, lenited 'bw' /v/, nasal/rhotic mutated 'chw' /xw/.
** Spanish /kwe/ yields /pe/.
** Lateral palatal /ʎ/ merged with /l/ in word-final position but all instances of word-final /l/ after a front vowel become palatal (not reflected in writing): Spanish "llave", "pollo", "mil" > ''lhabh'' [ʎäβ], ''pëlh'' [pɛl], ''mil'' [miʎ].
** Spanish /tʃ/ yields initial /sj/~/ʃ/~/tʃ/ (spelled <tc>) and non-initial /ʲt/: Spanish "China", "noche" > ''Tcin'' /si(ː)n/~/tʃin/, ''nët'' /nɛt/.
** Rhotic trills: /r/ and /ʀ/ are merged into /ʀ/ for most speakers but the distinction is kept word-initially in the standard language and in writing; neither trill may appear word-finally: Spanish "rueda", "grueso", "arroz", "agresivo", "barro", "magro" > ''rëdh'' /rɛð/, rhës /ʀɛs/, ''arroth'' /a.ˈroθ/, ''arhehibh'' /a.ʀe.ˈhiv/, ''barr'' /bar/, ''marh'' /maʀ/.
* Grammar:
** Definite articles ''e· a· l' o· a· s'.''
** Pariticiples: ''-adh'' and ''-idh'' for Spanish "-ado" and "-ido".
** Pronouns: pro-drop, 1p ''noth'' (or ''nóthor''), 2p ''both'' (or ''bóthor''), 3p ''lho''.
** Verb tenses:
*** Simple present vs progressive present contrast.
*** Past tense typically expressed through simple past, compound past and imperfect.
*** Only compound future is used.
*** Imperatives ''canth!'' and ''canthar!''
*** Conditional tense preserved.
*** Subjunctive mood lost; indicative forms used instead.
* Other:
** Orthography: western-like.
** Nominal affix -ción: ''-thôn'' with i-ablaut; Spanish "nación" > ''neithôn'' /nei.ˈθoːn/.
** Adjective affix -oso: ''-ô'', Spanish "hermoso" > ''ermô'' /eɾ.ˈmoː/.
===North-Western Efenol===
North-Western Efenol is by far the closest dialect to Western Efenol to the point it might be grouped alongside it as a subdialect.
The main three features that tell North-Western Efenol apart are differences in vowel development, palatalization of coronal consonants ''after'' a /i/ and ''-ao'' participles.
'''Vowels had the following differences in development when compared to Standard Efenol:'''
* Merger of Western <o> /o/ and <ò> /ɔ/ into North-Western <o> /o̞/ (a feature also shared with non-standard Western Efenol varieties). The original distinction, however, remains relevant for developments after velars.
* Use of the schwa <ë> /ə/ for 'broken clusters' in nouns and adjectives: Spanish "otro" > Proto-Efenol ''*othr~*othro'' > North-Western ''óthër'' (but Western ''óthor'').
* Merger of Western <ë> /ɛ/ with the aformentioned schwa <ë>: Western ''nët'' /nɛt/ > North-Western /nət/; Western ''ënvir'' /ˈɛn.viɾ/ (plural of ''ónver'') > North-Western ''ënvir'' /ˈən.viɾ/. Notice that this schwa phoneme /ə/ can occur in stresed position.
* The vowels <a> and <e> may be reduced to /ə/ in unstressed position. This is not reflected by writing: ''alanvàr'' /ə.ˈlan.vəɾ/. This is common in North-Western varieties but by no means universal.
* Unstressed /i/ becomes <e> /ə/: Western ''gitâr'' > North-Western ''getcâr'' /ge.ˈtʃaːɾ/.
* Unstressed long vowels become short: Western ''tênolochî'' (with a non-stressed long <ê>) > North-Western ''tenolochî'' /te.no.lo.ˈxiː/.
* Unstressed /o/ is raised to /u/ after a velar ''except'' when it was originally an /ɔ/: Western ''corathôn'' (dialectally also ''corthôn''), ''chòrî'' > North-Western ''curthôn'', ''chorî''.
* Diphthongs other than /ei/ have their second component lowered from /i/ to /e/ or from /u/ to /o/: Western ''ithoir'', ''áunig'' > North-Western ''ethoer'' /e.ˈθoeɾ/, ''áonitc'' /ˈao.nitʃ/.
'''Palalization after historical /i/ (which might have then become /e/~/ə/ in North-Western Efenol):'''
* Western /t/ becomes <tc> /tʃ/: Western ''mítig'' > North-Western ''mítcetc'' /ˈmi.tʃetʃ/.
* Western /d/ becomes <dj> /dʒ/: Western ''idê''> North-Western ''edjê'' /e.ˈdʒeː/.
* Western /s/ becomes <sc> /ʃ/: Western ''camis'' > North-Western ''camisc'' /ka.ˈmiʃ/
* The phoneme <tc> /tʃ/ is also found for historical Spanish <ch> /tʃ/ and as a equivalent to Western Efenol word final /k/ or /g/: Western ''Tcin, nët, únig'' > North-Western ''Tcin'' /tʃin/, ''nëtc'' /nətʃ/, ''únetc'' /ˈu.netʃ/.
'''Participles''': all verb participles which end in "-ado" or "-ido" in Spanish end in ''-ao'' in North-Western Efenol, a generalization of the ''-au'' ending (from Spanish "-ado") found in Central and dialectal Western Efenol: Spanish "cantado" > North-Western ''canthao'' (Western ''canthadh'' and non-standard ''canthau''), Spanish "querido" > North-Western ''cerao'' (Western ''ceridh'' and non-standard ''cerij''), Spanish "hecho" (an irregular participle with an -ado or -ido ending) > North-Western ''îtc'', Western ''ît''.
'''Overview:'''
* Phonology:
** Vowels: /a ə e o i y u/, with various vowel shifts in unstressed position.
** Broken clusters CRV# yield CəR#: Spanish "tabla", "padre", "otro" > ''távël'' /ˈta.vəl/, ''pádhër'' /ˈpa.ðəɾ/, ''óthër'' /ˈo.θəɾ/.
** Contrast between voiced plosives /b d g/ and voiced fricatives /v ð/.
** Word-intial /bl/: /bl/, Spanish "blanco" > ''blanch'' /blaŋx/.
** Final /ɾm/, /ɾb/: broken, Spanish "arma", "barba" > ''árëm'' /ˈa.ɾəm/, ''bárëbh'' /ˈba.ɾəv/.
** Palatalization: coronals /t/, /d/ and /s/ palatalized after /i/.
** Word final /g/ becomes <tc> /tʃ/.
** Lenited 'g', <gh>, is silent.
** Spanish /gl/: [ɫ]~[ɬ]~[ɮ].
** Development of /ʝ/: Spanish "yunque", "mayor", "rayo", "inyectar" > ''seunch'' /ʃuŋx/, ''meisor'' /mei.ˈsoɾ/, ''reis'' /ʀeis/, ''enzetar'' /en.ze.ˈtaɾ/.
** Spanish /mb/: Spanish "bomba", "bombas", "reembolso", "hombre" > ''bom'' /bom/, ''bëm'' /bəm/, ''rembolz'' /ʀem.ˈbolz/, ''ómbër'' /ˈom.bəɾ/.
** Spanish /ɲ/: shifts to /n/, Spanish "año" > ''ein'' /ein/.
** Spanish /kw/ becomes 'p' /p/, lenited 'pb' /b/, nasal/rhotic mutated 'ph' /f/.
** Spanish /kwe/ yields /pe/.
** Lateral palatal /ʎ/ found non-finally: Spanish "llave", "pollo", "mil" > ''lhabh'' [ʎäβ], ''pël'' [pəl], ''mil'' [mil].
** Spanish /tʃ/ yields initial /tʃ/ and non-initial /ʲtʃ/: Spanish "China", "noche" > ''Tcin'' /tʃin/, ''nëtc'' /nətʃ/.
** Rhotic trills: /r/ and /ʀ/ merged in pronunciation, distinguished in writing word-initially; not allowed in final position: Spanish "rueda", "grueso", "arroz", "agresivo", "barro", "magro" > ''rëdh'' /ʀəð/, rhës /ʀəs/, ''arhoth'' /a.ˈʀoθ/, ''arhehibh'' /a.ʀe.ˈhiv/, ''bâr'' /baːɾ/, ''mor'' /moɾ/.
* Grammar:
** Definite articles ''e· a· l' o· a· ah· oh·''.
** Pariticiples: ''-ao'' for Spanish "-ado" and "-ido".
** Pronouns: pro-drop, 1p ''nóthor'', 2p ''bóthor'', 3p ''lho''.
** Verb tenses:
*** Simple present vs progressive present contrast.
*** Past tense typically expressed through compound past and imperfective.
*** Near future vs distant future distinction.
*** Imperatives ''canth!'' and ''canthar!''
*** Conditional tense merged with simple future.
*** Subjunctive mood retained.
* Other:
** Orthography: western-like.
** Nominal affix -ción: ''-thôn'' with i-ablaut; Spanish "nación" > ''neithôn'' /nei.ˈθoːn/.
** Adjective affix -oso: ''-ô'', Spanish "hermoso" > ''ermô'' /eɾ.ˈmoː/.
===Central Efenol===
Central Efenol is one of the most conservative dialects (preserving word-final trills and the Spanish nasal palatal Ñ). The dialect is closest to Western and Northern Efenol.
One characteristic feature of Central Efenol is its usage of participles ending in ''-au'' and ''-ŷ'' for verbs whose Spanish participles endind in "-ado" and "-ido" respectively. This feature is also found in non-standard Western Efenol varieties and in a more extreme form in North-Western Efenol (where both endings are merged into ''-ao'').
Uniquely for one of the major six Efenol dialects, Central Efenol still has two competing orthographies, a western-like orthography based on that of the Western Efenol and a northern-like orthography mostly modelled after Eastern Efenol's. The former is slightly more popular and is used to illustrate most Central Efenol examples in this article.
'''Overview:'''
* Phonology:
** Vowels: /a ɛ e o̞ i y u/.
** Broken clusters CRV# yield CaR#: Spanish "tabla", "padre", "otro" > ''tával'' /ˈta.val/, ''pádhar'' /ˈpa.ðaɾ/, ''óthar'' /ˈo.θaɾ/ (also ''óthor'' due to the influence of other Efenol varieties).
** Contrast between voiced plosives /b d g/ and voiced fricatives /v ð ɣ/.
** Word-intial /bl/: /bl/, Spanish "blanco" > ''blanch'' /blaŋx/.
** Final /ɾm/, /ɾb/: broken, Spanish "arma", "barba" > ''áram'' /ˈa.ɾam/, ''bárabh'' /ˈba.ɾav/.
** Palatalization: none.
** Word final /g/ stays <g> /g/.
** Lenited 'g' becomes <gh> /ɣ/.
** Spanish /gl/: /l/ for most speakers, some may retain /ɫ/ as in Northern and Western Efenol.
** Development of /ʝ/: Spanish "yunque", "mayor", "rayo", "inyectar" > ''iunch'' /juŋx/, ''masor'' /ma.ˈsoɾ/, ''reis'' /reis/, ''insêtar'' /in.seː.ˈtaɾ/.
** Spanish /mb/: Spanish "bomba", "bombas", "reembolso", "hombre" > ''bomm'' /bom/, ''bëhb'' /bɛb/, ''rêbolz'' /reː.ˈbolz/, ''ónvar''~''ónver'' /ˈon.vaɾ/~/ˈon.veɾ/.
** Spanish /ɲ/ is preserved: Spanish "año" > ''añ''~''eiñ'' /aɲ/~/eiɲ/.
** Spanish /kw/ becomes 'pw' /p/, lenited 'bw' /v/, nasal/rhotic mutated 'chw' /x/~/xw/.
** Spanish /kwe/ yields /kɛ/.
** Lateral palatal /ʎ/ found in any position when etymological: Spanish "llave", "pollo", "mil" > ''lhabh'' [ʎäβ], ''polh''~''pëlh'' [poʎ]~[pɛʎ], ''mil'' [mil].
** Spanish /tʃ/ yields initial /sj/~/ʃ/ and non-initial /ʲt/: Spanish "China", "noche" > ''Sîn'' /siːn/, ''nët'' /nɛt/.
** Rhotic trills: /r/ and /ʀ/ are distinguished by most speakers (although some may merge both to alveolar [r]) and both are allowed in final position: Spanish "rueda", "grueso", "arroz", "agresivo", "barro", "magro" > ''rëdh'' /rɛð/, rhës /ʀɛs/, ''arroth'' /a.ˈroθ/, ''arhehibh'' /a.ʀe.ˈhiv/, ''barr'' /bar/, ''marh'' /maʀ/.
* Grammar:
** Definite articles ''e· a· l' o· a· s'.''
** Pariticiples: ''-au'' and ''-ŷ'' for Spanish "-ado" and "-ido".
** Pronouns: pro-drop, 1p.M ''nóthor'', 1p.F ''nóthar'', 2p.M ''bóthor'', 2p.F ''bóthar'', 3p.M ''lho'', 3p.F ''lho'' or ''lha''.
** Verb tenses:
*** Simple present typically replaces progressive present.
*** Past tense typically expressed through simple past and compound past.
*** Simple future and compound future in free variation.
*** Imperatives ''canth!'' and ''canthar!''
*** Conditional tense preserved.
*** Subjunctive mood lost; indicative forms used instead.
* Other:
** Orthography: western-like or northern-like.
** Nominal affix -ción: ''-thôn'' with i-ablaut; Spanish "nación" > ''neithôn'' /nei.ˈθoːn/.
** Adjective affix -oso: ''-ô'', Spanish "hermoso" > ''ermô'' /eɾ.ˈmoː/.
===Eastern Efenol===
Eastern Efenol is the third largest Efenol proper dialect after Western (including Standard Efenol) and Northern Efenol.
The Eastern dialect is characterized by three major features:
* Palatalization of /k/ to /tʃ/ before front-vowels: Spanish "cantar", "quemar" > ''kanzar'' (non palatalized, Western: canthar), ''çemar'' (palatalized, Western ''cemar'').
* Different qualities for tense vowels (stressed or long) and lax vowels (unstressed and short).
* A merger of the voiced stops /b d/ and the voiced fricatives /v ð/ into the voiced approximants /β̞ ð̞/.
Eastern Efenol speakers may choose to write the phonemes /k/ and /tʃ/ in their dialect as 'k' and 'ç' (respectively) or to follow a historical convention and use <c> for /tʃ/ before front vowels and for /k/ elsewhere (reserving 'k' and 'ç' for the opposite, for words where /k/ appears before a front vowel or /tʃ/ occurs elsewhere respectively). Throughout this article the first style is preferred (writing all /k/ as 'k' and all /tʃ/ as 'ç').
'''Overview:'''
* Phonology:
** Vowels: /a ä ɛ (œ) ɔ ə e ø o ɪ ʏ ʊ i y u/, tense vs lax contrast depending on stress and vowel length.
** Broken clusters CRV# yield CəR#: Spanish "tabla", "padre", "otro" > ''tav'l'' /ˈtä.βəl/, ''pad'r'' /ˈpä.ðəɾ/, ''oz'r'' /ˈo.θəɾ/.
** No contrast between voiced plosives /b d/ and voiced fricatives /v ð/: merged to /β̞ ð̞/.
** Word-intial /bl/: /bl/, Spanish "blanco" > ''blanch'' /βläŋx/.
** Final /ɾm/, /ɾb/: broken, Spanish "arma", "barba" > ''áram'' /ˈä.ɾam/, ''bárav'' /ˈβä.ɾav/.
** Palatalization: voiced velar stop /k/ palatalized before front vowels.
** Word final /g/ pronounced /x/ (still spelled as <g>).
** Lenited 'g' becomes <gh> /ʝ/.
** Spanish /gl/: merged with /l/.
** Development of /ʝ/: Spanish "yunque", "mayor", "rayo", "inyectar" > ''ŷnh'' /yːŋx/, ''maghor'' /ma.ˈʝoɾ/, ''raij'' /räiʒ/, ''inghêtar'' /ɪn.ʝeː.ˈtaɾ/.
** Spanish /mb/: Spanish "bomba", "bombas", "reembolso", "hombre" > ''bom'' /βom/, ''böb'' /βøβ/, ''rêbols'' /reː.ˈβols/, ''ómber'' /ˈom.βɛɾ/.
** Spanish /ɲ/: shifts to /n/, Spanish "año" > ''ein'' /ein/.
** Spanish /kw/ becomes 'p' /p/, lenited 'pb' /β/, nasal/rhotic mutated 'hw' /xw/~/x/~/ʍ/.
** Spanish /kwe/ yields /kø/.
** Lateral palatal /ʎ/ in free variation with the cluster /lj/; not found word-finally: Spanish "llave", "pollo", "mil" > ''liav'' [ʎäβ]~[ljäβ], ''pöl'' [pøl], ''mil'' [mil].
** Spanish /tʃ/ yields initial /sj/ and non-initial /ʲtʃ/ (spelled <tç> word-finall): Spanish "China", "noche" > ''Sîn'' /siːn/, ''nötç'' /nøtʃ/.
** Rhotic trills: /r/ and /ʀ/ are distinguished but neither is allowed in final position: Spanish "rueda", "grueso", "arroz", "agresivo", "barro", "magro" > ''röd'' /røð/, rhös /ʀøs/, ''arroz'' /a.ˈroθ/, ''arheshiv'' /a.ʀɛ.ˈhiv/, ''bâr'' /baːɾ/, ''mor'' /moɾ/.
* Grammar:
** Definite articles ''e· a· l' o a s'.''
** Pariticiples: ''-ad'' and ''-id'' for Spanish "-ado" and "-ido".
** Pronouns: usually not dropped (even if clear from context and verbal endings), 1p ''noz'', 2p ''boz'', 3p ''lio''; some speakers may distinguish 1p.M ''noz'' and 2p.M ''boz'' from 1p.F ''noz'r'' and 2p.F ''noz'r''.
** Verb tenses:
*** Simple present typically replaces progressive present.
*** Past tense typically expressed through simple past and imperfective.
*** Only simple future is used.
*** Imperative ''kanz!'' for both 2s and 2p.
*** Conditional tense preserved.
*** Subjunctive mood lost; indicative forms used instead.
* Other:
** Orthography: northern-like.
** Nominal affix -ción: ''-zôn'' with i-ablaut; Spanish "nación" > ''neizôn'' /nei.ˈθoːn/.
** Adjective affix -oso: ''-ô'', Spanish "hermoso" > ''ermô'' /ɛɾ.ˈmoː/.
===North-Eastern Efenol===
North-Eastern Efenol is often considered a transitional variety between the Northern and Eastern dialects although it also features some developments not found in either.
The North-Eastern dialect shares Eastern Efenol's distinction between tense vowels (stressed or long) and lax vowels (unstressed and short) but not its palatalization of /k/ before front vowels nor its merger between voiced stops and voiced fricatives.
'''Overview:'''
* Phonology:
** Vowels: /a~ə ä ɛ (œ) ɔ e ø o ɪ ʏ ʊ i y u/, tense vs lax contrast depending on stress and vowel length.
** Broken clusters CRV# yield CVR#: Spanish "tabla", "padre", "otro" > ''tával'' /ˈtä.vəl/, ''páder'' /ˈpä.ðɛɾ/, ''ózor'' /ˈo.θɔɾ/.
** Contrast between voiced plosives /b d g/ and voiced fricatives /v ð/.
** Word-intial /bl/: /v_l/, Spanish "blanco" > ''vanh'' /väŋx/.
** Final /ɾm/, /ɾb/: broken, Spanish "arma", "barba" > ''áram'' /ˈä.ɾəm/, ''bárav'' /ˈbä.ɾəv/.
** Palatalization: none.
** Word final /g/ pronounced /ç/ (still spelled as <g>).
** Lenited 'g' becomes <gh> /ç/.
** Spanish /gl/: merged with /l/.
** Development of /ʝ/: Spanish "yunque", "mayor", "rayo", "inyectar" > ''ghunh'' /çuŋx/, ''maghor'' /mə.ˈçoɾ/, ''raigh'' /räiç/, ''inghêtar'' /ɪn.çeː.ˈtäɾ/.
** Spanish /mb/: Spanish "bomba", "bombas", "reembolso", "hombre" > ''bom'' /bom/, ''böbb'' /bøb/, ''rêbols'' /reː.ˈbols/, ''ônver'' /ˈoːn.vɛɾ/.
** Spanish /ɲ/: shifts to /n/, Spanish "año" > ''ein'' /ein/.
** Spanish /kw/ becomes 'p' /p/, lenited 'pv' /v/, nasal/rhotic mutated 'hw' /ʍ/ or 'ph' /f/.
** Spanish /kwe/ yields /kø/.
** Lateral palatal /ʎ/ in free variation with the cluster /lj/; not found word-finally: Spanish "llave", "pollo", "mil" > ''liav'' [ʎäv]~[ljäv], ''pöl'' [pøl], ''mil'' [mil].
** Spanish /tʃ/ yields initial /sj/ and non-initial /ʲts/: Spanish "China", "noche" > ''Sîn'' /siːn/, ''nöts'' /nøts/.
** Rhotic trills: /r/ and /ʀ/ are distinguished but neither is allowed in final position: Spanish "rueda", "grueso", "arroz", "agresivo", "barro", "magro" > ''röd'' /røð/, rhös /ʀøs/, ''arroz'' /ə.ˈroθ/, ''arhehiv'' /ə.ʀɛ.ˈxiv/, ''bâr'' /baːɾ/, ''mor'' /moɾ/.
* Grammar:
** Definite articles ''e· a· l' o a as' os'.''
** Pariticiples: ''-ad'' and ''-id'' for Spanish "-ado" and "-ido".
** Pronouns: pro-drop, 1p ''noz'', 2p ''boz'', 3p.M ''lio'', 3p.F ''lia''.
** Verb tenses:
*** Simple present typically replaces progressive present.
*** Past tense typically expressed through simple past and imperfective.
*** Only simple future is used.
*** Imperative ''canzar!'' for both 2s and 2p.
*** Conditional tense preserved.
*** Subjunctive mood lost; indicative forms used instead.
* Other:
** Orthography: northern-like.
** Nominal affix -ción: ''-zôn'' with i-ablaut; Spanish "nación" > ''neizôn'' /nei.ˈθoːn/ (Northern Efenol's non ablauted forms such as ''nazôn'' may also be found).
** Adjective affix -oso: ''-ô'' or ''-ôs'', Spanish "hermoso" > ''ermô'' /ɛɾ.ˈmoː/ or ''ermôs'' /ɛɾ.ˈmoːs/.
===Northern Efenol===
Northern Efenol is the second largest Efenol proper variety, behind Western Efenol.
Northern Efenol can be considered to be one of the most conservative varieties as evidenced by preserving the /l/ in the definite articles ''el, la, lo, la'' (Spanish "el, la, los, las", ''e, a, o, a'' in other Efenol varieties).
'''Overview:'''
* Phonology:
** Vowels: /a e̞ ø̞ o̞ i y u/.
** Broken clusters CRV# yield CVR#: Spanish "tabla", "padre", "otro" > ''tával'' /ˈta.val/, ''páder'' /ˈpa.ðeɾ/, ''ózor'' /ˈo.θoɾ/.
** Contrast between voiced plosives /b d g/ and voiced fricatives /v ð/.
** Word-intial /bl/: /v_l/, Spanish "blanco" > ''vanh'' /vaŋx/.
** Final /ɾm/, /ɾb/: broken, Spanish "arma", "barba" > ''áram'' /ˈa.ɾam/, ''bárav'' /ˈba.ɾav/.
** Palatalization: none.
** Word final /g/ pronounced /ç/ (still spelled as <g>).
** Lenited 'g' becomes <gh> /x/ (regionally also realized as [h] or [ħ]).
** Spanish /gl/: <lh> /ɫ/.
** Development of /ʝ/: Spanish "yunque", "mayor", "rayo", "inyectar" > ''iunh'' /juŋx/, ''maior'' /ma.ˈjoɾ/, ''rai'' /rai/, ''înêtar'' /iː.neː.ˈtaɾ/.
** Spanish /mb/: Spanish "bomba", "bombas", "reembolso", "hombre" > ''bomb'' /bomb/, ''bömb'' /bømb/, ''rêbols'' /reː.ˈbols/, ''ônver'' /ˈoːn.veɾ/.
** Spanish /ɲ/: shifts to /n/, Spanish "año" > ''ein'' /ein/.
** Spanish /kw/ becomes 'p' /p/, lenited 'pv' /v/, nasal/rhotic mutated 'ph' /f/.
** Spanish /kwe/ yields /pe/.
** Lateral palatal /ʎ/ in free variation with the cluster /lj/; not found word-finally: Spanish "llave", "pollo", "mil" > ''liav'' [ʎäv]~[ljäv], ''pöl'' [pøl], ''mil'' [mil].
** Spanish /tʃ/ yields initial /tj/ and non-initial /ʲts/: Spanish "China", "noche" > ''Tîn'' /tiːn/, ''nöts'' /nøts/.
** Rhotic trills: /r/ and /ʀ/ merged into /r/, which is allowed in final position: Spanish "rueda", "grueso", "arroz", "agresivo", "barro", "magro" > ''röd'' /røð/, rös /røs/, ''arroz'' /a.ˈroθ/, ''arrehiv'' /a.re.ˈxiv/, ''barr'' /bar/, ''morr''~''marr'' /mor/~/mar/.
* Grammar:
** Definite articles ''el la l' lo la os' as'.''
** Pariticiples: ''-ad'' and ''-id'' for Spanish "-ado" and "-ido".
** Pronouns: pro-drop, 1p ''noz'', 2p ''boz'', 3p.M ''lio'', 3p.F ''lia''.
** Verb tenses:
*** Simple present vs progressive present contrast.
*** Past tense typically expressed through simple past and compound past.
*** Near future vs distant future distinction.
*** Imperatives ''canz!'' and ''canzad!''
*** Conditional tense preserved.
*** Subjunctive mood lost; indicative forms used instead.
* Other:
** Orthography: northern-like.
** Nominal affix -ción: ''-zôn'' '''''without''''' i-ablaut; Spanish "nación" > ''nazôn'' /na.ˈθoːn/.
** Adjective affix -oso: ''-os'', Spanish "hermoso" > ''ermos''.
===Hunzad===
''Hunzad'' (literally 'run-together') is a divergent variety of Northern Efenol which developed vowel harmony. All Hunzad words belong to one of two vowel harmony classes determined by their stressed vowel in Northern Efenol: 'light' (for words with a stressed /a/, /e/, or /y/) and 'dark' (for words with a stressed /o/ or /u/). Words with a stressed /ø/ are ambiguous, but most speakers pattern them as 'dark'.
Hunzad has a distinct orthography which reflects the various vowel quality shifts to accommodate to vowel harmony although most Hunzad speakers simply write in the standard Northern Efenol orthography. Since most vowels in the alternate orthography bear diacritics vowel length is expressed by doubling the vowel instead.
The following table shows the main vowel developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Northern Efenol vowel
! Hunzad class
! In 'light' words
! In 'dark' words
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | a /ä/
| style="text-align: center;" | Light
| style="text-align: center;" | a /a/
| style="text-align: center;" | à /ɒ/
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | e /e/
| style="text-align: center;" | Light
| style="text-align: center;" | e /e/
| style="text-align: center;" | è /ɘ/
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | i /i/
| style="text-align: center;" | Light
| style="text-align: center;" | i /i/
| style="text-align: center;" | y /ɨ/~/ʉ/
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | o /o/
| style="text-align: center;" | Dark
| style="text-align: center;" | ò /ʌ/
| style="text-align: center;" | o /o/
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ö /ø/
| style="text-align: center;" | Either
| style="text-align: center;" | è /ɘ/
| style="text-align: center;" | ø /ø/
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | u /u/
| style="text-align: center;" | Dark
| style="text-align: center;" | ù /y/
| style="text-align: center;" | u /u/
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | y /y/
| style="text-align: center;" | Light
| style="text-align: center;" | ù /y/ (stressed)
y /ɨ/~/ʉ/ (else)
| style="text-align: center;" | ù /y/ or u /u/
|}
'''Overview:'''
* Phonology:
** Vowels: /a ɒ ʌ e ø ɘ o i y ɨ~ʉ u/, features vowel harmony.
** Broken clusters CRV# yield CVR#: Spanish "tabla", "padre", "otro" > ''taval'' /ˈta.val/, ''paðer'' /ˈpa.ðeɾ/, ''ozor'' /ˈo.θoɾ/.
** Contrast between voiced plosives /b d g/ and voiced fricatives /v ð/.
** Word-intial /bl/: /v_l/, Spanish "blanco" > ''vanh'' /vanh/.
** Final /ɾm/, /ɾb/: broken, Spanish "arma", "barba" > ''aram'' /ˈa.ɾam/, ''barav'' /ˈba.ɾav/.
** Palatalization: none.
** Word final /g/ becomes <h> /h/ (but may be realized as [ç]).
** Lenited 'g', becomes <h> /h/.
** Spanish /gl/: <gl> /gl/.
** Development of /ʝ/: Spanish "yunque", "mayor", "rayo", "inyectar" > ''ùùnh'' /uːnh/, ''màjor'' /mɒ.ˈjoɾ/, ''rai'' /rai/, ''iineetar'' /iː.neː.ˈtaɾ/.
** Spanish /mb/: Spanish "bomba", "bombas", "reembolso", "hombre" > ''bom'' /bom/, ''bøm'' /bøm/, ''rèèbol'' /rɘː.ˈbols/, ''oonvèr'' /ˈoːn.vɘɾ/.
** Spanish /ɲ/: shifts to /n/, Spanish "año" > ''ein'' /ein/.
** Spanish /kw/ becomes 'p' /p/, lenited 'v' /v/, nasal/rhotic mutated 'f' /f/.
** Spanish /kwe/ yields /pe/ (or /pɘ/).
** Lateral palatal /ʎ/ in free variation (but typically replaced) with the cluster /lj/; not found word-finally: Spanish "llave", "pollo", "mil" > ''ljav'' [ljav], ''pøl'' [pøl], ''mil'' [mil].
** Spanish /tʃ/ yields initial /tj/ and non-initial /ʲts/: Spanish "China", "noche" > ''Tiin'' /tiːn/, ''nøts'' /nøts/.
** Rhotic trills: /r/ and /ʀ/ merged into /r/, which is allowed in final position: Spanish "rueda", "grueso", "arroz", "agresivo", "barro", "magro" > ''røð'' /røð/, røs /røs/, ''àrroz'' /ɒ.ˈroθ/, ''arrehiv'' /a.re.ˈxiv/, ''barr'' /bar/, ''morr'' /mor/.
* Grammar:
** Definite articles ''el~èl la~là l~l lò~lo, la~là, as~às òs~os'' (pairs correspond to light and dark words respectively).
** Pariticiples: ''-að/-àð'' and ''-id/-yð'' for Spanish "-ado" and "-ido".
** Pronouns: pro-drop, 1p ''noz'', 2p ''boz'', 3p.M ''ljo'', 3p.F ''lja''.
** Verb tenses:
*** Simple present vs progressive present contrast.
*** Past tense typically expressed through simple past and compound past.
*** Near future vs distant future distinction.
*** Imperatives ''kanz!'' and ''kanzað!''
*** Conditional tense preserved.
*** Subjunctive mood lost; indicative forms used instead.
* Other:
** Orthography: neither northern-like nor western-like (although most speakers would actually use the northern-like Northern Efenol orthography instead).
** Nominal affix -ción: ''-zoon''~''-zòòn'' ''without'' i-ablaut; Spanish "nación" > ''nàzoon'' /nɒ.ˈθoːn/.
** Adjective affix -oso: ''-os'', Spanish "hermoso" > ''èrmos''.
===Comparative table===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff;" |
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff;" | North-Western
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff;" | Western (Std.)
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff;" | Central
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff;" | Eastern
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff;" | North-Eastern
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff;" | Northern
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#ffffff;" | Hunzad
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | Phonology
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Evolution of Spanish /we/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | ë /ə/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | ë /ɛ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | ë /ɛ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | ö /ø/~/œ~ɛ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | ö /ø/~/œ~ɛ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | ö /ø/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | ø /ø
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Spanish /aw/ vs /o/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged, o /o/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | ò /ɔ/ vs o /o/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged, o /o/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged  o /o/~/ɔ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged o /o/~/ɔ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged o /o/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged /o/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Vowels in general
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | Various shifts
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Conservative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Conservative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Tense vs lax
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Tense vs lax
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Conservative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Vowel harmony
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | CRV# clusters (e.g. "padre")
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | CəR, pádhër
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | CVR, pádher
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | CaR, pádhar
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | CəR, pád'r
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | CVR, páder
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | CVR, páder
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | CVR, páder
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Voiced plosives and fricatives
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Contrast
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Contrast
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Contrast
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Contrast
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Contrast
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Contrast
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Word initial clusters like 'bl'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Retained, bl
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Retained, bl
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Retained, bl
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Retained, bl
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Broken, v_l
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Broken, v_l
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Broken v_l
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Word final clusters like -rm, -rb
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Broken
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Retained
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Broken
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Broken
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Broken
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Broken
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Broken
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Palatalization of consonants
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Coronals after /i/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | None
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | None
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /k/ before
front vowels
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | None
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | None
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | None
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Word-final g
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | <tc> /tʃ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | <g> /ç/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | <g> /g/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | <g> /x/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | <g> /ç/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | <g> /ç/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ecf4ff;" | <s> /s/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Lenited g
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | Ø
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /ʔ/ or Ø
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | /ɣ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /ʝ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /ç/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ecf4ff;" | /x/~/h/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ecf4ff;" | /h/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Spanish /gl/, /lg/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /ɫ/ [ɫ]~[ɬ]~[ɮ]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /ɫ/ [ɫ]~[ɬ]~[ɮ]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged with /l/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged with /l/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged with /l/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | /ɫ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | /gl/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Spanish #ʝV
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /sj/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /sj/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /j/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | i-ablaut + length
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | /ç/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /j/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /j/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Spanish VmbV
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /mb/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /b/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /b/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /β/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /b/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /b/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /b/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Word final mb; SG and PL
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | m /m/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | mm /m/ hb /b/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | mm /m/ hb /b/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | m /m/ b /β/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | m /m/ b /β/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | mb /mb/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | m /m/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Spanish mbrV
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | mb_r
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | nv_r
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | nv_r
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | mβ_r
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | length + nv_r
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | length + nv_r
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | length + nv_r
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Spanish Ñ
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Not preserved
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Not preserved
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Preserved
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Not preserved
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Not preserved
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Not preserved
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Not preserved
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Spanish /kw/, lenited, mutated
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | /p/ /b/ /f/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /p/ /v/ /xw/~/x/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /p/ /v/ /x/~/xw/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | /p/ /β/ /xw/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | /p/ /v/ /ʍ/~/f/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /p/ /v/ /f/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /p/ /v/ /f/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Spanish /kwe/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /pe/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /pe/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /kɛ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /kø/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /kø/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /kø/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /kɘ/~/kø/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | /ʎ/ vs /lj/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Different
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Different
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Different
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | In free variation
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | In free variation
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | In free variation
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | In free variation
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Word final /ʎ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | None
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Non-etymological
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Etymological
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | None
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | None
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | None
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | None
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Initial Spanish /tʃ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | /tʃ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | /tʃ/~/sj/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | /sj/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | /sj/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | /sj/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /tj/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | /tj/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Medial Spanish /tʃ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | i-ablaut + /tʃ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | i-ablaut + /t/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | i-ablaut + /t/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | i-ablaut + /tʃ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | i-ablaut + /ts/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | i-ablaut + /ts/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | i-ablaut + /ts/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Initial /r/ and /ʀ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Merged to /ʀ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Distinguished (std)
Merged to /ʀ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Distinguished
Merged to /r/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Distinguished
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Distinguished
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged to /r/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged to /r/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Medial /r/ and /ʀ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Merged to /ʀ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Merged to /ʀ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Distinguished
Merged to /r
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Distinguished
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Distinguished
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged to /r/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Merged to /r/
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Final /r/ and /ʀ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Not allowed
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Not allowed
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Allowed
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Not allowed
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Not allowed
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Allowed
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Allowed
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | Grammar
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Singular definite articles
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | e·, a·, l'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | e·, a·, l'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | e·, a·, l'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | e·, a·, l'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | e·, a·, l'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | el, la, l'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | el~èl la~là l
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Plural definite articles
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | o·, a·, oh·, ah·
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | o·, a·, s'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | o·, a·, s'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | o, a, s'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | o, a, os', as'
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | lo, la, los, las
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | lo, la, los, las
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Participles (Spanish -ado/-ido)
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | -ao, -ao
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | -adh, -idh
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | -au, -ŷ
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | -ad, -id
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | -ad, -id
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | -ad, -id
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | -að~àð, -ið~yð
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Pro-drop whenever possible
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Yes
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Yes
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Yes
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | No
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Yes
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Yes
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Yes
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Gender distinction in 1p and 2p
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | No
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | No
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Yes
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Varies
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | No
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | No
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | No
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Gender distinction in 3p
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | No
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | No
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Yes
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | No
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Yes
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Yes
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Yes
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Progressive present
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Not used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Not used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Not used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Simple past
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Not used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Compound past
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Not used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Not used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Imperfective
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Not used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Not used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Not used
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Simple and compound future
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Near vs remote
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Only compound
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | Free variation
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Only simple
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Only simple
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Near vs remote
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Near vs remote
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Conditional
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Not used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Used
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Subjunctive mood
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Preserved
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Lost
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Lost
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Lost
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Lost
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Lost
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Lost
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Singular imperative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Imperative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Imperative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Imperative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Imperative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Infinitive
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Imperative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Imperative
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Plural imperative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Infinitive
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Infinitive
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Infinitive
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Sg. Imperative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Infinitive
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Pl. Imperative
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Pl. Imperative
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | Other
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Orthography type
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Western-like
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Western-like
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Both
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Northern-like
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Northern-like
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | Northern-like
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffc7;" | Neither
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Suffix "-ción"
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Triggers ablaut
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Triggers ablaut
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Triggers ablaut
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | Triggers ablaut
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | Either
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | No ablaut
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | No ablaut
|-
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffffff;" | Suffix "-oso"
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | -ô
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | -ô
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | -ô
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffce93;" | -ô
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffccc9;" | -ôs
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | -os
| style="text-align: center; background-color:#cbcefb;" | -os~òs
|}


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
Jotadiego
118

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/120353"

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