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==Pragmatics== | |||
Being a verb-heavy language, Ash often lacks direct nominal counterparts to nouns in more analytic languages, instead expressing many common (and uncommon) concepts descriptively through its rich morphological and derivational verb system rather than by lexicalising deverbal nominals (although this also happens), one key factor again being the locative verbs. | |||
{| | |||
|{{gloss | |||
|phrase=nendsãndsada | |||
|IPA=[ɲᶡɪn̠ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̞̃n̠.d̠͡z̠ɐˌðɐ] | |||
|gloss=SUB-VEN-LOC:LIQ.FREQ.ACT.IND-LOC | |||
|translation=by the (bottom of the) waterfall (lit. "where water comes gushing down") | |||
}} | |||
|{{gloss | |||
|phrase=neldsãndsada | |||
|IPA=[ɲᶡɪɬ.t̠͡s̠ɑ̞̃n̠.d̠͡z̠ɐˌðɐ] | |||
|gloss=SUB-AND-LOC:LIQ.FREQ.ACT.IND-LOC | |||
|translation=by the (top of the) waterfall (lit. "where water goes gushing down") | |||
}} | |||
|} | |||
As this example demonstrates, there is no one lexicalised nominal for the concept of a waterfall, but a fitting verb is used depending on the context. Nonetheless the phrase is possible to nominalise if grammatically necessary and sometimes this does result in lexicalisation. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase=<u>dodso</u> go nõŋgo oŋgoone? | |||
|IPA=[ˈd̠o̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ʊ‿ˌɣʊ ˈn̠õ̞ŋ.ɡo̞‿wʊŋˈɡu̯oː.ɲɪ] | |||
|gloss=<u>smoke.FREQ.ACT.NOM</u> TOP:ACT Q-DUR DIST-VEN-LOC:ACT.TRANS.OPT | |||
|translation=when does the <u>train</u> arrive? | |||
}} | |||
In such cases there may be a clear-cut distinction between such lexicalisations and productive formations. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase=noldodsada | |||
|IPA=[n̠ᵈʊɬ.ˈt̠o̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˌðɐ] | |||
|gloss=SUP-AND-smoke.FREQ.ACT.IND-LOC | |||
|translation=(at the) chimney (lit. "where lots of smoke goes up") | |||
}} | |||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||