2,334
edits
Ruthenian: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Dialects
m (→Consonants) |
|||
| Line 56: | Line 56: | ||
#Pokuttia is spoken in the [[w:Chernivtsi Oblast|Czerniwci]] and [[w:Ternopil Oblast|Ternopiľ Oblasť]] of Ukraine. This dialect has some distinct phonetic and lexical features, most notable of which is a shift of /ɛ/ into /æ/ in certain positions and /ɔ/ instead of /ɛ/ after some postalveolar fricatives (like in standard Ukrainian). | #Pokuttia is spoken in the [[w:Chernivtsi Oblast|Czerniwci]] and [[w:Ternopil Oblast|Ternopiľ Oblasť]] of Ukraine. This dialect has some distinct phonetic and lexical features, most notable of which is a shift of /ɛ/ into /æ/ in certain positions and /ɔ/ instead of /ɛ/ after some postalveolar fricatives (like in standard Ukrainian). | ||
#Hutsul is spoken by the [[w:Hutsul people|Hucul people]] on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, in the extreme southern parts of the Iwano-Frankiwsk Oblasť and Transcarpathian Oblasťs. It also preserves the /ɨ~ɤ/ sound and have /d͡ʐ/ reduced to /ʒ/. | #Hutsul is spoken by the [[w:Hutsul people|Hucul people]] on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, in the extreme southern parts of the Iwano-Frankiwsk Oblasť and Transcarpathian Oblasťs. It also preserves the /ɨ~ɤ/ sound and have /d͡ʐ/ reduced to /ʒ/. | ||
==Orthography== | |||
Ruthenian has two alphabets: Latin and Cyrillic. The Cyrillic alphabet consists of 32 letters and an apostrophe, which is almost identical to the Ukrainian one. The standardized variant, used nowadays, was proposed by Євген Желехівски (Jewhen Želechiwsky). The letter "Ё" (and "ё") was introduced in 1961 to mark the vowel /ɛ/ which is pronounced /ɔ/ and /jɔ/ in the Pokuttia dialect, but it was excluded in 1990 together with the letter "Щ" (and its lowercase "щ"). The letter "ѕ" which looks the same as a Latin "s" and "џ" were occasionally used to represent /d͡z/ and /d͡ʐ/ sounds respectively, but they were substituted with digraphs. The apostrophe acts like a letter in Ruthenian and marks the /j/ sound after consonants. | |||
{| cellpadding=4 style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-bottom: 1em;" | |||
|+ The Cyrillic Ruthenian alphabet | |||
|- style="font-size:large; font-family:serif; text-align:center; " | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | А а | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Б б | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | В в | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Г г | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Ґ ґ | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Д д | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Е е | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Є є | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Ж ж | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | З з | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | И и | |||
|- style="font-size:large; font-family:serif; text-align:center; " | |||
| І і || Ї ї || Й й || К к || Л л || М м || Н н || О о || П п || Р р || С с | |||
|- style="font-size:large; font-family:serif; text-align:center; " | |||
| Т т || У у || Ф ф || Х х || Ц ц || Ч ч || Ш ш || Ь ь || Ю ю || Я я || ’ | |||
|} | |||
The Latin script had occasionally been used since the XVIIth century, but it was not widespread until 1834, when Josyp Lozyńsky proposed an alphabet based closely on the Polish orthography after writing an article ''"O wprowadzeniu abecadła polskiego do piśmiennictwa ruskiego"'' ("About the implementation of Polish abecadło into Ruthenian writing"). This alphabet was also called ''abecadło''. | |||
{| cellpadding=4 style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-bottom: 1em;" | |||
|+ Abecadło | |||
|- style="font-size:large; font-family:serif; text-align:center; " | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | A a | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | B b | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | C c | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Ć ć | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Cz cz | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | D d | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Ď ď | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | E e | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | é | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | F f | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | G g | |||
|- style="font-size:large; font-family:serif; text-align:center; " | |||
| H h || I i || J j || K k || L l || Ł ł || M m || N n || O o || ó/ü || P p | |||
|- style="font-size:large; font-family:serif; text-align:center; " | |||
| R r || S s || Ś ś || Sz sz || T t || Ť ť || U u || W w || Y y || Z z || Ź ź || Ż ż | |||
|} | |||
It has not gained a widespread recognition, despite having represented Ruthenian phonology much better than a Church Slavonic Cyrillic writing system. But with the spread of the Greek and Roman Catholic churches Latin alphabet got more popularity. So in 1859 a new project was proposed by a Czech slavist Jozef Jireček. According to the author's plan, latinization would promote a formation of a new standard Ruthenian and/or Ukrainian language (at those times they were still considered the same) free from the Old Church Slavonic and Russian influence. It was mostly based on a Czech orthography with some additional Polish letters. This writing system would eventually evolve into a modern Ruthenian alphabet, but it still had additional letters, for example: /ʂ/, /t͡ʂ/, /ʐ/ and /d͡ʐ/ were written as "š", "č", "ž" and "dž" from which the last two entered new alphabet; "ě" was used instead of earlier "é" (now written as "y") and "ü" instead of earlier "ó" (this letter represented the /y/ sound which had merged /i/ by the end of the XIXth century in most dialects). Finally, the letter "ł", used for writing [w], that originated from *l, was substituted by "w" in 1990. | |||
{| cellpadding=4 style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-bottom: 1em;" | |||
|+ Latin Ruthenian script | |||
|- style="font-size:large; font-family:serif; text-align:center; " | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | A a | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | B b | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | C c | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Ć ć | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Cz cz | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | D d | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Ď ď | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Dz dz | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Dź dź | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | Dž dž | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | E e | |||
| style="width:2.5em;" | F f | |||
|- style="font-size:large; font-family:serif; text-align:center; " | |||
| G g || H h || I i ||J j || K k || L l || Ľ ľ || M m || N n || Ń ń || O o || P p | |||
|- style="font-size:large; font-family:serif; text-align:center; " | |||
| R r || S s || Ś ś || Sz sz || T t || Ť ť || U u || W w || Y y || Z z || Ź ź || Ž ž | |||
|} | |||
===Example=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ The table's caption | |||
! Latin | |||
! Cyrillic | |||
! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| |''W tynkim fliuiďi myhoťiń'' | |||
''Kupajut siy zemja i more'' | |||
''Rozczyniuje žytie i smyrť'' | |||
''I rode siy dobro ta hore.'' | |||
| |''В тинкім флюїдї миготїнь'' | |||
''Купают сьи зем’я і море,'' | |||
''Розчинює житє і смирть'' | |||
''І роде сьи добро та горе.'' | |||
| |''In a thin fluid of glares'' | |||
''The land and the sea are bathing,'' | |||
''Life and death are deliquescing'' | |||
''And blessing and grief will be born.'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||