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Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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==Quoted speech== | ==Quoted speech== | ||
The English distinction between direct and indirect speech is not present in Chlouvānem; instead, it uses a quotative particle, '''tati''', which follows a quoted sentence; this instance of quoted speech is used basically everywhere English uses indirect speech: | The English distinction between direct and indirect speech is not present in Chlouvānem; instead, it uses a quotative particle, '''tati''', which follows a quoted sentence; this instance of quoted speech is used basically everywhere English uses indirect speech: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = håltęrmim tati kulaikate. | |||
| gloss = be_ready.<small>IND.PRES-1PL.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. say.<small>IND.PAST-3PL.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = They said they were ready. <small>(or: "They said 'we are ready.'")</small> | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = dvārme palyu jonyegde tati demyai maihi lāṃryāṇom kulekte. | |||
| gloss = room-<small>LOC.SG</small>. face-<small>ACC.SG</small>. paint.<small>IND.PERF-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. <small>REFL.GEN-GEN</small>. daughter-<small>GEN.SG</small>. relationship_partner-<small>DAT.SG</small>. say.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = (S)he told his/her daughter's boyfriend/girlfriend that she is painting her face in her room. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = cāṃkręe, karthāgo bīdardṛsmau tati vvlirute. | |||
| gloss = be_final-<small>ADV</small>. Carthage.<small>DIR</small>. destroy.<small>OPT.PERF-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. think.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = [[w:Carthago delenda est|Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.]] <small>(literally: "last [but not least], I think: 'Carthage must be destroyed.'")</small> | |||
}} | |||
This is the norm even in more complex sentences: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = hānihæmma mæn jæhimīnta utsmā taili lācāk menni, lānicunyų nanū gu ē ša mīmišvayatite nin lañšijijeltsute tati yaiva laltesām kulekte. | |||
| gloss = Hānihæmma.<small>DIR</small>. <small>TOP</small>. Jæhimīnta.<small>DIR</small>. that_much.<small>MEDIAL</small>. much. love.<small>IND.PRES-3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. because. / lānicunih-<small>ABL.SG</small>. more. <small>NEG</small>=be.<small>IND.PAST.3SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>=<small>NEG</small>. see-<small>FREQ-SUBJ.IMPF-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. after. marry-<small>DESID-IND.PRES-1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. <small>QUOT</small>. all. friend-<small>DAT.PL</small>. say.<small>IND.PAST-3SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. | |||
| translation = Hānihæmma loved Jæhimīnta so much, that she<sub><small>1</small></sub> told all her<sub><small>1</small></sub> friends that she<sub><small>1</small></sub> wanted to marry her<sub><small>2</small></sub> after only 2 weeks of seeing her<sub><small>2</small></sub>!<ref>Example taken from a translation challenge on the ''Constructed Languages'' Facebook group, posted on Sep 8, 2018, adapted for the purpose of this page.</ref> | |||
}} | |||
The verb ''tṛlake'' "to know, to understand" simply requires the sentences to be juxtaposed. Note that Chlouvānem uses the natural sequence of tenses: | The verb ''tṛlake'' "to know, to understand" simply requires the sentences to be juxtaposed. Note that Chlouvānem uses the natural sequence of tenses: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = ajāƾilbādhyom pūrṣei tarliru. | |||
| gloss = Ajāƾilbādhi-<small>DAT</small>. go_with_vehicle.<small>MULTIDIR-IND.PAST-2SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. know.<small>IND.PRES-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = I know you went to Ajāƾilbādhi. | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = ajāƾilbādhyom pūrṣei tṛlirau. | |||
| gloss = Ajāƾilbādhi-<small>DAT</small>. go_with_vehicle.<small>MULTIDIR-IND.PAST-2SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. know.<small>IND.PAST-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>. | |||
| translation = I knew you had been to Ajāƾilbādhi. | |||
}} | |||
Future in the past also uses juxtaposed sentences, with the future meaning being shown by the general future tense: | Future in the past also uses juxtaposed sentences, with the future meaning being shown by the general future tense: | ||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = ajāƾilbādhyom pūrṣiṣyes gu tṛlirau ša. | |||
| gloss = Ajāƾilbādhi-<small>DAT</small>. go_with_vehicle.<small>MULTIDIR-IND.FUT-2SG.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>. <small>NEG</small>=know.<small>IND.PAST-1SG.COMMON.INTERIOR</small>=<small>NEG</small>. | |||
| translation = I did not know you would have been to Ajāƾilbādhi. | |||
}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||