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Wistanian: Difference between revisions
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→Object Particles: Whole section has been updote.
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====Object Particles==== | ====Object Particles==== | ||
In Wistanian grammar, any noun that does not act as a subject is considered an object and are not exclusive to the patient of the verb. As an object, the noun comes after the subject and inherits an object particle (unless it is an accusative pronoun.) | |||
The object particles are: | |||
The | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| style="text-align: center;" | <code>ACC</code> | | style="text-align: center;" | <code>ACC</code> | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | aa | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | aa | ||
| Marks the | | Marks the patient of the sentence. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Instrumental | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Instrumental | ||
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| Marks the reason for which something is done involitionally. | | Marks the reason for which something is done involitionally. | ||
|} | |} | ||
It is possible to have a sentence that uses several objects, although none of them are required in a sentence. When multiple objects are present in a sentence, they are usually ordered in a sentence as <code>ACC > INSTR > BEN/CAU</code>. | |||
'''ila yau aa ujadi il divu ggaun jyaman va yi.''' | '''ila yau aa ujadi il divu ggaun jyaman va yi.''' | ||
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"The friend broke their bone." | "The friend broke their bone." | ||
When the patient is a pronoun, the particle is normally dropped, since some pronouns have their own accusative forms. The accusative can also double as a reflexive. | When the patient is a pronoun, the accusative particle is normally dropped, since some pronouns have their own accusative forms. The accusative can also double as a reflexive. | ||
'''vigai dari vai.''' | '''vigai dari vai.''' | ||
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hit-TEL 3Sa.NOM '''ACC 3Sa.ACC'''. | hit-TEL 3Sa.NOM '''ACC 3Sa.ACC'''. | ||
"He hit him." | "He hit him." | ||
After instrumental, benefactive, or causative particles, pronouns are still conjugated as accusatives. | |||
gaun zariya dari '''vai'''. | |||
gaun zariya dari '''il vai'''. | |||
gaun zariya dari '''ggaun vai'''. | |||
gaun zariya dari '''diri vai'''. | |||
The boy plays it. | |||
The boy plays with it. | |||
The boy plays for it. | |||
The boy plays because of it. | |||
=====Instrumental===== | =====Instrumental===== | ||
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The particle '''diri''' is the same word in the clause-initial construction '''diri va''', which translates as "because" or "the reason is". | The particle '''diri''' is the same word in the clause-initial construction '''diri va''', which translates as "because" or "the reason is". | ||
====Modal Particles==== | ====Modal Particles==== | ||