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Wistanian: Difference between revisions
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Stative verbs (<code>STA</code>) describe a situation or action that is unchanging over a long period of time. Stative verbs do not describe temporary actions, but rather the result of a temporary action or a series of temporary actions that identify the subject. They are marked on a verb by dropping the stem and adding ⟨-iya⟩. | Stative verbs (<code>STA</code>) describe a situation or action that is unchanging over a long period of time. Stative verbs do not describe temporary actions, but rather the result of a temporary action or a series of temporary actions that identify the subject. They are marked on a verb by dropping the stem and adding ⟨-iya⟩. | ||
'''yigiya yau anigalilaun.''' | |||
yiga '''-iya''' yau ani -galilaun | |||
speak'''-STA''' 1S.NOM language-peace. | |||
"I speak Wistanian." / "I am a speaker of Wistanian" | |||
The verb in the above sentence informs the listener (or reader) that the subject, the speaker, speaks Wistanian, and does so homogenously and for a long period of time. It is a state that identifies the subject; i.e., it can easily be translated into "I am a speaker of Wistanian." A more dynamic conjugation would likely infer that the speaker is only speaking temporarily. | |||
This can also refer to something called the ''resultative'', which applies to verbs that do not inherently express a stative act. For example, '''bima''' describes the motion from a high place to a low place. This involves movement and change, which the stative conjugation does not mess with. Instead, '''bima''' in the stative means "to be fallen (i.e., lying on the ground after a fall)". Lying on the ground is a stative action, which is also a result of a previous non-stative action. Another example for this is the verb '''dula''', "to put on, clothe", which, in the stative, translates as "to wear" (or in a more roundabout way: "to have put on"). | |||
=====Durative===== | =====Durative===== | ||
The durative aspect (<code>DUR</code>) is a dynamic aspect which indicates that an action is in progress from one state to another. | The durative aspect (<code>DUR</code>) is a dynamic aspect which indicates that an action is in progress from one state to another. | ||
'''yiga yau anigalilaun.''' | |||
yiga '''-a''' yau ani -galilaun. | |||
speak'''-DUR''' 1S.NOM language-peace. | |||
"I am speaking Wistanian." | |||
This sentence informs the listener that the speaker is in the process of speaking Wistanian. Unlike in the stative example, which simply indicated that the speaker knows and has the ability to speak Wistanian, the durative is indicating that the speaker is actually speaking it at the present moment. This aspect strongly implies the verb is present and imperfect, grammatically, although context could give more precise details. | |||
Durative verbs specifically describe the process of going from one state to the other, usually opposite, state. For example, '''yiga''' in the durative describe the process from the beginning of a statement to the end of a statement. The word '''ja''', which means "want" in the stative but "falling in love" in the durative, describes the process from a state of apathy to a state of obsession. This is especially notable with '''hadu'''. In the stative, it means "to know", but in the durative, it describes the process from being ignorant to being informed: "learning." | |||
=====Perfective===== | =====Perfective===== | ||
The Perfective Aspect (<code>PFV</code>) is applied to a dynamic verb that has been completed, strongly implying the past tense. Although the perfective is formed by adding ⟨-i⟩ to the durative ⟨-a⟩, becoming ⟨-ai⟩, it is glossed only as <code>PFV</code> rather than <code>DUR-PFV</code> for the sake of saving space. | The Perfective Aspect (<code>PFV</code>) is applied to a dynamic verb that has been completed, strongly implying the past tense. Although the perfective is formed by adding ⟨-i⟩ to the durative ⟨-a⟩, becoming ⟨-ai⟩, it is glossed only as <code>PFV</code> rather than <code>DUR-PFV</code> for the sake of saving space. | ||
'''yigai yau anigalilaun.''' | |||
yiga '''-ai''' yau ani -galilaun. | |||
speak'''-PFV''' 1S.NOM language-peace. | |||
"I spoke (in) Wistanian." | |||
====Mood==== | As perfective, the verb '''yiga''' suggests a specific event that is now completed. It is important to understand the difference between the perfective and stative aspects, sinc emany stative verbs can be roughly translated as "has been X". Stative verbs are states, while perfective verbs are actions. Stative verbs are also usually still applicable in the moment of utterance while perfective verbs are usually not. | ||
====Mood and Additional Aspects==== | |||
Mood describes the speaker's feelings or motivations toward a verb. Only one mood, the irrealis, is conjugated onto the verb stem, while others are expressed through particles that begin a verb phrase. | |||
Additional aspects refer to aspects that are denoted with particles rather than conjugations. | |||
=====Irrealis===== | =====Irrealis===== | ||
Irrealis verbs describe an action that has not occurred. This mood is applied to verbs | Irrealis verbs describe an action that has not occurred. This mood is applied to verbs that refer to a future state or action, interrogative and polite imperative sentences, and conditional, obligative, and potential moods. Irrealis verbs are conjugated with the suffix ⟨-j⟩, which follows after the aspect marking. It is not applied to negated verbs. | ||
Whenever the irrealis is used on a verb without an aspect marker, it is assumed to be indicative of a future action (in most cases). The verb "walk" has not literally happened yet, which is why it is in the irrealis. However, the speaker is sure that the action will occur at some time in the future, which is why it is in the unmarked indicative. | |||
'''budaij yau miramwi.''' | |||
buda -ai '''-j''' yau miram. | |||
walk.to-PFV'''-IRR''' 1S.NOM store. | |||
"I will walk to the store." | |||
=====Gnomic and Habitual===== | |||
The gnomic and habitual are aspects that denote that the verb refers to a general fact or recurring action related to the subject. Both of these aspects use the particle '''gaun''', which is synonymous with the active relative particle. When the aspect particle is applied to a stative verb, it is gnomic. When applied to a durative, the verb it is habitual. | |||
'''gaun duliya daz aa nibaz.''' | |||
'''gaun''' dula'''-iya''' daz aa nibaz. | |||
'''GNO''' wear'''-STA''' man ACC shirt. | |||
"The man wears shirts." | |||
'''gaun dula daz aa nibaz.''' | |||
'''gaun''' dula '''-a''' daz aa nibaz. | |||
'''HAB''' put.on'''-DUR''' man ACC shirt. | |||
"The man usually puts on shirts." | |||
When applied to a perfective verb, the sentence is translated that the subject has done the action before. | |||
'''gaun dulai daz aa nibaz.''' | |||
'''gaun''' dula '''-ai''' daz aa nibaz. | |||
'''GNO''' put.on'''-PFV''' man ACC shirt. | |||
"The man has put on a shirt before." | |||
=====Conditional===== | =====Conditional===== | ||
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=====Permissive===== | =====Permissive===== | ||
The permissive mood (<code>PRM</code>) denotes the permission or ability to do an action, corresponding with English "can" and "may". To denote prohibition or incapability, the speaker will attach the negation prefix to the verb. The irrealis conjugation is not applied to the head verb. | The permissive mood (<code>PRM</code>) denotes the permission or ability to do an action, corresponding with English "can" and "may". To denote prohibition or incapability, the speaker will attach the negation prefix to the verb. The permissive mood uses the particle '''yaj''', and the irrealis conjugation is not applied to the head verb. | ||
'''yaj laumwa garauda va yi.''' | |||
'''yaj''' laumu-a garauda va yi. | |||
'''PRM''' take -DUR food COP 1S.POSS | |||
"You can take my food." | |||
'''yaj baulaumwa garauda va yi.''' | |||
'''yaj bau-'''laumu-a garauda va yi. | |||
'''POT NEG-'''take -DUR food COP 1S.POSS | |||
"You cannot take my food." | |||
=====Obligative===== | =====Obligative===== | ||
The obligative mood (<code>OBL</code>) denotes an action that should happen, whether by obligation or logical progression. The verb head of an obligative particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood. | The obligative mood (<code>OBL</code>) denotes an action that should happen, whether by obligation or logical progression. The verb head of an obligative particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood. The obligative uses the particle '''daaya'''. | ||
'''auv zij, daaya bimaj daridd. diri va luvi va au.''' | '''auv zij, daaya bimaj daridd. diri va luvi va au.''' | ||
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=====Potential===== | =====Potential===== | ||
The potential mood (<code>POT</code>) denotes an action that could occur but doesn't, such as "I could go" or even "I could have gone". The verb head of a potential particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood. | The potential mood (<code>POT</code>) denotes an action that could occur but doesn't, such as "I could go" or even "I could have gone". The verb head of a potential particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood. The potential mood uses the particle '''zaggu'''. | ||
'''zaggu umaadaij yi luj, a hiyaj yaadd vaddal.''' | '''zaggu umaadaij yi luj, a hiyaj yaadd vaddal.''' | ||
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"My boat could sink if there is a hole in it." | "My boat could sink if there is a hole in it." | ||
===== | =====Atelic===== | ||
The atelic aspect (<code>ATEL</code>) refers to a verb that does not have an intended endpoint, whether because the action failed or was directionless. The atelic is denoted with the particle '''in''' and can only be applied to durative or perfective verbs. | |||
'''in budai yau miram, auv nu va din.''' | |||
'''in''' buda -ai yau miram, auv nu va din. | |||
'''ATEL''' walk.to-PFV 1S.NOM store, TEMP minute COP three. | |||
"I walked toward the store for three minutes." | |||
Without the atelic particle, that sentence would translate as, "I walked to the store in three minutes." | |||
====Gerunds==== | ====Gerunds==== | ||