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Chlouvānem/Phonology: Difference between revisions
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===Nasalized vowels=== | ===Nasalized vowels=== | ||
Nasalized vowels are prominent in Chlouvānem, but they are not considered independent phonemes, being instead analyzed as sequences of a vowel plus /ɴ/ or another nasal consonant (excluding /ɴ̆/) in coda position. Excluding vowels allophonically partially nasalized because of the presence of a nasal consonant following it, there are five possible sequences that create nasalized vowels, and whether a nasal consonant after it is spoken determines its spelling (all phonetic transcriptions below refer to Standard Chlouvānem): | Nasalized vowels are prominent in Chlouvānem, but they are not considered independent phonemes, being instead analyzed as sequences of a vowel plus /ɴ/ or another nasal consonant (excluding /ɴ̆/) in coda position. Excluding vowels allophonically partially nasalized because of the presence of a nasal consonant following it, there are five possible sequences that create nasalized vowels, and whether a nasal consonant after it is spoken determines its spelling (all phonetic transcriptions below refer to Standard Chlouvānem): | ||
*/VːNC/, where /C/ is a voiceless stop, is always realized as [ṼːC] and written as '''VṃC''', unless it is situated at a morpheme boundary: | *{{IPA|/VːNC/}}, where {{IPA|/C/}} is a voiceless stop, is always realized as {{IPA|[ṼːC]}} and written as '''VṃC''', unless it is situated at a morpheme boundary: | ||
*: ''sūṃṭaras'' "camel" /suːɳʈäʀäs/, root noun: [sũːʈäʀäs] | *: ''sūṃṭaras'' "camel" {{IPA|/suːɳʈäʀäs/}}, root noun: {{IPA|[sũːʈäʀäs]}} | ||
*: ''āntimē'' "3SG stays on (something)" /äːntimeː/, morphemically ''ān-tim-ē'': [ɑ̃ːntimeː] | *: ''āntimē'' "3SG stays on (something)" {{IPA|/äːntimeː/}}, morphemically ''ān-tim-ē'': {{IPA|[ɑ̃ːntimeː]}} | ||
* /VːNC/, where /C/ is a voiced consonant, is always realized as [ṼːNC] and written with the nasal consonant homorganic to '''C'''. | * {{IPA|/VːNC/}}, where {{IPA|/C/}} is a voiced consonant, is always realized as {{IPA|[ṼːNC]}} and written with the nasal consonant homorganic to '''C'''. | ||
*: ''Lāmberah'' (name of a river) /ɴ̆aːmbeʀäɦ/ [ɴ̆ɑ̃ːmbeʀäħ] | *: ''Lāmberah'' (name of a river) {{IPA|/ɴ̆aːmbeʀäɦ/}} {{IPA|[ɴ̆ɑ̃ːmbeʀäħ]}} | ||
* /VNC/ is always realized as [ṼNC] and written with the homorganic nasal consonant: | * {{IPA|/VNC/}} is always realized as {{IPA|[ṼNC]}} and written with the homorganic nasal consonant: | ||
*: ''daṇḍa'' "cane, staff, pole, stick" /däɳɖä/ [dɑ̃ɳɖä] | *: ''daṇḍa'' "cane, staff, pole, stick" {{IPA|/däɳɖä/}} {{IPA|[dɑ̃ɳɖä]}} | ||
Exception to the aforementioned rules is when /C/ is one of /d dʱ s ʂ ɕ/: in those cases, both are possible (with the simple nasalization without a pronounced consonant being statistically more common), and the nasalized-only case is analyzed as being a /V(ː)ɴC/ sequence: | Exception to the aforementioned rules is when {{IPA|/C/}} is one of {{IPA|/d dʱ s ʂ ɕ/}}: in those cases, both are possible (with the simple nasalization without a pronounced consonant being statistically more common), and the nasalized-only case is analyzed as being a {{IPA|/V(ː)ɴC/}} sequence: | ||
: ''suṃdaka'' (a kind of tree) /suɴdäkä/ [sũdäkä] | : ''suṃdaka'' (a kind of tree) {{IPA|/suɴdäkä/}} {{IPA|[sũdäkä]}} | ||
: ''pundas'' "cable" /pundäs/ [pũndäs] | : ''pundas'' "cable" {{IPA|/pundäs/}} {{IPA|[pũndäs]}} | ||
Vowels are also allophonically nasalized when part of a word-final /V(ː)m/ or /V(ː)n/ sequence. If the final consonant is /m/, the vowel is nasalized but the consonant is pronounced. If the final consonant is /n/, the consonant is only pronounced as [ŋ] if the vowel is closed, otherwise only nasalization remains: | Vowels are also allophonically nasalized when part of a word-final {{IPA|/V(ː)m/}} or {{IPA|/V(ː)n/}} sequence. If the final consonant is {{IPA|/m/}}, the vowel is nasalized but the consonant is pronounced. If the final consonant is {{IPA|/n/}}, the consonant is only pronounced as {{IPA|[ŋ]}} if the vowel is closed, otherwise only nasalization remains: | ||
: ''chlǣvānem'' "Chlouvānem" /c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɛːʋäːnem/ [c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɛːʋäːnẽm] | : ''chlǣvānem'' "Chlouvānem" {{IPA|/c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɛːʋäːnem/}} {{IPA|[c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɛːʋäːnẽm]}} | ||
: ''lilvan'' "sash, belt" /ɴ̆iɴ̆ʋän/ [ɴ̆iɴ̆ʋɑ̃] | : ''lilvan'' "sash, belt" {{IPA|/ɴ̆iɴ̆ʋän/}} {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆ʋɑ̃]}} | ||
: ''hulin'' "woman" /ɦuɴ̆in/ [ɦuɴ̆ĩŋ] | : ''hulin'' "woman" {{IPA|/ɦuɴ̆in/}} {{IPA|[ɦuɴ̆ĩŋ]}} | ||
==Consonants== | ==Consonants== | ||