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* '''bi''' "stops" | * '''bi''' "stops" | ||
* '''ligue''' "resumes" | * '''ligue''' "resumes" | ||
===Demonstratives=== | |||
Demonstratives distinguish three degrees of distance associated with the three grammatical persons. | |||
* '''''tie''''' 'this' or 'these' near the speaker [1st person - proximal] | |||
* '''''tia''''' 'that' or 'those' near the listener [2nd person - medial] | |||
* '''''tio''''' 'that' or 'those' away from both speaker and listener [3rd person - distal] | |||
When speaking to someone of the same or higher rank and referring to the something that is close to both speaker and listener (such as a house that both are inside), the 2nd person '''''tia''''' 'that' is used. Only persons of higher rank may use the first person form '''''tie''''' in such situations. | |||
::{| cellpadding="2" | |||
|- | |||
| '''xu''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|tia}}''' || '''mala''' | |||
|- | |||
| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.DEM.MED || be.house | |||
|- | |||
| "the thing that" || "is by you" || "is a house" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" |''{{color|MediumBlue|this}} house'' — [SUB] | |||
|} | |||
::{| cellpadding="2" | |||
|- | |||
| '''xu''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|tie}}''' || '''mala''' | |||
|- | |||
| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.DEM.PROX || be.house | |||
|- | |||
| "the thing that" || "is by you" || "is a house" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" |''{{color|MediumBlue|this}} house'' — [DOM] | |||
|} | |||
====Contractions==== | |||
The demonstrative verbals '''''tie''''', '''''tia''''' and '''''tio''''' form contractions with most third person definite nominals and these contractions are very commonly used, transforming the above examples to '''''xu{{color|MediumBlue|ua}} mala''''' and '''''xu{{color|MediumBlue|ue}} mala''''' respectively. Here is a table of forms. | |||
::'''Definite''' | |||
::{| cellpadding="2" | |||
|- | |||
| || ICS Sg. || ICS. Pl. || ACS Sg. || ACS. Pl. || Inan. Sg. || Inan. Pl. | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || '''ju{{color|MediumBlue|ue}}''' / '''ju{{color|MediumBlue|ua}}''' / '''ju{{color|MediumBlue|uo}}''' || '''iju''' || '''ja''' || '''ija''' || '''xu''' || '''ixu''' | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || '''ji''' || '''iji''' || '''je''' || '''ije''' || '''xi''' || '''ixi''' | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || '''eji''' || '''ieji''' || '''eje''' || '''ieje''' || '''exi''' || '''iexi''' | |||
|- | |||
| Ablative || '''jui''' || '''ijui''' || '''jai''' || '''ijai''' || '''xui''' || '''ixui''' | |||
|- | |||
| Locative || '''jua''' || '''ijua''' || '''aja''' || '''iaja''' || '''xua''' || '''ixua''' | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || '''uji''' || '''iuji''' || '''uje''' || '''iuje''' || '''uxi''' || '''iuxi''' | |||
|- | |||
| Possessive || '''uju''' || '''iuju''' || '''uja''' || '''iuja''' || '''*uxu''' || '''*iuxu''' | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || '''eju''' || '''eiju''' || '''eja''' || '''eija''' || '''exu''' || '''eixu''' | |||
|- | |||
| Causal || '''teji''' || '''teiji''' || '''teje''' || '''teije''' || '''texi''' || '''teixi''' | |||
|- | |||
| Benefactive || '''kuaji''' || '''kuaiji''' || '''kuaje''' || '''kuaije''' || '''kuaxi''' || '''kuaixi''' | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || '''aji''' || '''aiji''' || '''aje''' || '''aije''' || '''axi''' || '''aixi''' | |||
|- | |||
| Comitative || '''leji''' || '''leiji''' || '''leje''' || '''leije''' || '''lexi''' || '''leixi''' | |||
|- | |||
| Topical || '''veji''' || '''veiji''' || '''veje''' || '''veije''' || '''vexi''' || '''veixi''' | |||
|- | |||
| Essive || '''oju''' || '''oiju''' || '''oja''' || '''oija''' || '''oxu''' || '''oixu''' | |||
|} | |||
: *rare, theoretical | |||
===Location=== | ===Location=== |
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