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Comparative Semitology has benefit greatly from this unusual cross-pollination of ancient languages. The ancient scholars who helped retain the linguistic character of the diverse people in Southeast Asia brought in many elements of extra-Canaanite language, apparently from Ugaritic and Old South Arabic (not actually related to Arabic). For our purposes, the parent language of AH is "Paleo-Hebrew", which subsequently developed in the Levant into "Biblical Hebrew". We recognize that the pointing system (Niqqud) of the Masoretes is a later invention, and that even the consonantal text transmitted in the MT has been subject to later revision, but it remains a useful point of departure since so much of what we have in AH is Biblical texts. | Comparative Semitology has benefit greatly from this unusual cross-pollination of ancient languages. The ancient scholars who helped retain the linguistic character of the diverse people in Southeast Asia brought in many elements of extra-Canaanite language, apparently from Ugaritic and Old South Arabic (not actually related to Arabic). For our purposes, the parent language of AH is "Paleo-Hebrew", which subsequently developed in the Levant into "Biblical Hebrew". We recognize that the pointing system (Niqqud) of the Masoretes is a later invention, and that even the consonantal text transmitted in the MT has been subject to later revision, but it remains a useful point of departure since so much of what we have in AH is Biblical texts. | ||
[[Category: | == Writing Systems == | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:120%" | |||
! | Proto-Semitic | |||
! | IPA | |||
! | Akkadian | |||
! colspan="2" | Ugaritic | |||
! colspan="2" | Phoenician | |||
! colspan="2" | "Hebrew" | |||
! colspan="2" | Aramaic | |||
! colspan="2" | OSA | |||
! colspan="2" | [[Austronesian Hebrew|AH]] | |||
! colspan="2" | [[Polynesian Hebrew|PH]] | |||
|- | |||
! *b | |||
! {{IPA|b}} | |||
| ''b'' | |||
| 𐎁 || ''b'' | |||
| 𐤁 || ''b'' | |||
| ב || b | |||
| 𐡁 || v | |||
| 𐩨 || {{IPA|/b/}} | |||
| 𐨦 || ''b'' | |||
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" | P | |||
| ''p'' | |||
|- | |||
! *p | |||
! {{IPA|p}} | |||
| ''p'' | |||
| 𐎔 || ''p'' | |||
| 𐤐 || ''p'' | |||
| פ || p | |||
| 𐡐 || f | |||
| 𐩰 || {{IPA|/f/}} | |||
| 𐨤 || ''p'' | |||
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" | F | |||
| ''ɸ'' | |||
|- | |||
! *d | |||
! {{IPA|d}} | |||
| ''d'' | |||
| 𐎄 || ''d'' | |||
| 𐤃 || ''d'' | |||
| ד || d | |||
| 𐡃 || ð | |||
| 𐩵 || {{IPA|/d/}} | |||
| 𐨡 || ''d'' | |||
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" rowspan="2" | T || rowspan="2" | ''t'' | |||
|- | |||
! *t | |||
! {{IPA|t}} | |||
| ''t'' | |||
| 𐎚 || ''t'' | |||
| 𐤕 || ''t'' | |||
| ת || t | |||
| 𐡕 || θ | |||
| 𐩩 || {{IPA|/t/}} | |||
| 𐨠/𐨝 || ''t'' | |||
|- | |||
! *ṭ | |||
! {{IPA|tʼ}} | |||
| ''ṭ'' | |||
| 𐎉 || ''ṭ'' | |||
| 𐤈 || ''ṭ'' | |||
| ט || ṭ | |||
| 𐡈 || ṭ | |||
| 𐩷 || {{IPA|/tʼ/}} | |||
| 𐨭 || c | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" style="font-family:NewMaori;" | / || rowspan="2" valign="center" | - | |||
|- | |||
! *ḳ | |||
! {{IPA|kʼ}} | |||
| ''q'' | |||
| 𐎖 || ''q'' | |||
| 𐤒 || ''q'' | |||
| ק || q | |||
| 𐡒 || q | |||
| 𐩤 || {{IPA|/kʼ/}} | |||
| 𐨑 || ''q'' | |||
|- | |||
! *k | |||
! {{IPA|k}} | |||
| ''k'' | |||
| 𐎋 || ''k'' | |||
| 𐤊 || ''k'' | |||
| כ || k | |||
| 𐡊 || χ | |||
| 𐩫 || {{IPA|/k/}} | |||
| 𐨐 || ''k'' | |||
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" rowspan="2" | K | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''k'' | |||
|- | |||
! *g | |||
! {{IPA|ɡ}} | |||
| ''g'' | |||
| 𐎂 || ''g'' | |||
| 𐤂 || ''g'' | |||
| ג || g | |||
| 𐡂 || ɣ | |||
| 𐩴 || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} | |||
| 𐨒 || ''g'' | |||
|- style="background:#C0C0C0" | |||
| colspan="17"| | |||
|- | |||
! *ḏ | |||
! {{IPA|ð}} | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| ''z'' | |||
| 𐎏 || ''ḏ'' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| 𐤆 | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| ''z'' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| ז | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| z | |||
| 𐡃/𐡆 | |||
| ''ḏ'' | |||
| 𐩹 || ð | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐨰 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''z'' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" style="font-family: NewMaori;" | T R H || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''t/r/h'' | |||
|- | |||
! *z | |||
! {{IPA|z}} | |||
| 𐎇 || ''z'' | |||
| 𐡆 || z | |||
| 𐩸 || z | |||
|- | |||
! *s | |||
! {{IPA|s}} | |||
| ''s'' | |||
| 𐎒 || ''s'' | |||
| 𐤎 || ''s'' | |||
| ס || s | |||
| 𐡎 || s | |||
| 𐩪 || {{IPA|/s/}} | |||
| 𐨯 || ''s'' | |||
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" | H || ''h'' | |||
|- | |||
! *ṯ | |||
! {{IPA|θ}} | |||
| rowspan="3" valign="center"| ''š'' | |||
| 𐎘 || ''ṯ'' | |||
| rowspan="3" valign="center"| 𐤔 || rowspan="3" valign="center"| ''š'' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| שׁ || rowspan="2" valign="center"| š | |||
| 𐡕/𐡔 || ''ṯ'' | |||
| 𐩻 || ''ṯ'' | |||
| 𐨠/𐨝 || t | |||
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" | T | |||
| t | |||
|- | |||
! *š | |||
! {{IPA|ʃ}} | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐎌 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''š'' | |||
| 𐡔 || š | |||
| 𐩯 || ś | |||
| rowspan="3" valign="center" | 𐨮 || rowspan="3" valign="center" | ŋ | |||
| rowspan="3" valign="center" style="font-family: NewMaori;" | G | |||
| rowspan="3" valign="center" | ŋ | |||
|- | |||
! *ś | |||
! {{IPA|ɬ}} | |||
| שׂ || ''ś'' | |||
| 𐡔/𐡎 || ''ś'' | |||
| 𐩦 || ɬ | |||
|- | |||
! *ṣ́ | |||
! {{IPA|ɬʼ}} | |||
| rowspan="3" valign="center"| ''ṣ'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | 𐎕 || rowspan="2" | ''ṣ'' | |||
| rowspan="3" valign="center"| 𐤑 || rowspan="3" valign="center"| ṣ | |||
| rowspan="3" valign="center"| צ || rowspan="3" valign="center"| ''ṣ'' | |||
| 𐡏/𐡒 || ''*ġʼ '' | |||
| 𐩳 || {{IPA|/ɬʼ/}} | |||
|- | |||
! *ṣ | |||
! {{IPA|sʼ}} | |||
| 𐡑 || ṣ | |||
| 𐩮 || ṣ | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐨭 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''c'' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" style="font-family:NewMaori;" | / || rowspan="2" valign="center" | - | |||
|- | |||
! *ṱ | |||
! {{IPA|θʼ}} | |||
| 𐎑 || ''ẓ'' | |||
| 𐡑/𐡈 || ''ṯʼ '' | |||
| 𐩼 || ''ṯʼ '' | |||
|- | |||
! | Proto-Semitic | |||
! | IPA | |||
! | Akk. | |||
! colspan="2" | Ugaritic | |||
! colspan="2" | Phoen. | |||
! colspan="2" | "Hebrew" | |||
! colspan="2" | Aramaic | |||
! colspan="2" | OSA | |||
! colspan="2" | AH | |||
! colspan="2" | PH | |||
|- | |||
! *ġ | |||
! {{IPA|ʁ}} | |||
| -<sup>5</sup> | |||
| 𐎙 || ''ġ'' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| 𐤏 || rowspan="2" valign="center"| ''/ʕ/'' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| ע || rowspan="2" valign="center"| ʻ | |||
| 𐡏<sup>1</sup> || ''ġ'' | |||
| 𐩶 || {{IPA|ʁ}} | |||
| 𐨪 || ''r'' | |||
| style="font-family:NewMaori;" | R || ''r'' | |||
|- | |||
! *ʻ | |||
! {{IPA|ʕ}} | |||
| -<sup>4</sup> | |||
| 𐎓 || ʻ | |||
| 𐡏<sup>2</sup> || '' ʻ '' | |||
| 𐩲 || '' ʻ '' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐨀 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''ʔ/-'' | |||
| rowspan="5" valign="center" style="font-family:NewMaori;" | / || rowspan="5" valign="center" | - | |||
|- | |||
! *ʼ | |||
! {{IPA|ʔ}} | |||
| -<sup>1</sup> | |||
| 𐎀/𐎛/𐎜 || '' ' '' | |||
| 𐤀 || ''/ʔ/'' | |||
| א || ʼ | |||
| 𐡀 || ʼ | |||
| አ || {{IPA|/ʔ/}} | |||
|- | |||
! *h | |||
! {{IPA|h}} | |||
| -<sup>2</sup> | |||
| 𐎅 || ''h'' | |||
| 𐤄 || ''h'' | |||
| ה || h | |||
| 𐡄 || h | |||
| 𐩠 || {{IPA|/h/}} | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐨛/𐨱 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''h'' | |||
|- | |||
! *ḥ | |||
! {{IPA|ħ}} | |||
| -<sup>3</sup> | |||
| 𐎈 || ''ḥ'' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐤇 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''ḥ'' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | ח || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''ḥ'' | |||
| 𐡇<sup>1</sup> || ḥ | |||
| 𐩢 || {{IPA|/ħ/}} | |||
|- | |||
! *ḫ | |||
! {{IPA|χ}} | |||
| ''ḫ'' | |||
| 𐎃 || ''ḫ'' | |||
| 𐡇<sup>2</sup> || ''ḫ'' | |||
| 𐩭 || {{IPA|/χ/}} | |||
| 𐨑 || ''q'' | |||
|- style="background:#C0C0C0" | |||
| colspan="17"| | |||
|- | |||
! *m | |||
! {{IPA|m}} | |||
| ''m'' | |||
| 𐎎 || ''m'' | |||
| 𐤌 || ''m'' | |||
| מ || m | |||
| 𐡌 || m | |||
| 𐩣 || {{IPA|/m/}} | |||
| 𐨨 || ''m'' | |||
| style="font-family:NewMaori;" | M || ''m'' | |||
|- | |||
! *n | |||
! {{IPA|n}} | |||
| ''n'' | |||
| 𐎐|| ''n'' | |||
| 𐤍 || ''n'' | |||
| נ || n | |||
| 𐡍/𐡓 || n/r | |||
| 𐩬 || {{IPA|/n/}} | |||
| 𐨣 || ''n'' | |||
| style="font-family:NewMaori;" | N || ''n'' | |||
|- | |||
! *r | |||
! {{IPA|ɾ}} | |||
| ''r'' | |||
| 𐎗 || ''r'' | |||
| 𐤓 || ''r'' | |||
| ר || r | |||
| 𐡓 || r | |||
| 𐩧 || {{IPA|/r/}} | |||
| 𐨪 || ''r'' | |||
| rowspan="2" valign="center" style="font-family:NewMaori;" | R || rowspan="2" valign="center" | r | |||
|- | |||
! *l | |||
! {{IPA|l}} | |||
| ''l'' | |||
| 𐎍 || ''l'' | |||
| 𐤋 || ''l'' | |||
| ל || l | |||
| 𐡋 || l | |||
| 𐩡 || {{IPA|/l/}} | |||
| 𐨫 || ''l'' | |||
|- | |||
! *w | |||
! {{IPA|w}} | |||
| ''w''/-<sup>6</sup> | |||
| 𐎆 || ''w'' | |||
| 𐤅 || ''w'' | |||
| ו || w | |||
| 𐡅 || w | |||
| 𐩥 || {{IPA|/w/}} | |||
| 𐨬 || ''w'' | |||
| style="font-family:NewMaori;" | V || ''w'' | |||
|- | |||
! *y | |||
! {{IPA|j}} | |||
| ''y''/-<sup>7</sup> | |||
| 𐎊 || ''y'' | |||
| 𐤉 || ''y'' | |||
| י || y | |||
| 𐡉 || y | |||
| 𐩺 || {{IPA|/j/}} | |||
| 𐨩 || ''y'' | |||
| style="font-family:NewMaori;" | / || - | |||
|- | |||
! | Proto-Semitic | |||
! | IPA | |||
! | Akk. | |||
! colspan="2" | Ugaritic | |||
! colspan="2" | Phoen. | |||
! colspan="2" | "Hebrew" | |||
! colspan="2" | Aramaic | |||
! colspan="2" | OSA | |||
! colspan="2" | AH | |||
! colspan="2" | PH | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
== Grand Master Plan == | |||
=== Consonants === | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; float:right; width:10em;" | |||
! PS | |||
! * | |||
! PH | |||
! AH | |||
! > | |||
! PH | |||
|- | |||
! ʕ | |||
| ע | |||
| ʕ | |||
| ʔ | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø | |||
|- | |||
! ʔ | |||
| א | |||
| ø | |||
| ø | |||
|- | |||
! p | |||
| פ | |||
| p | |||
| p | |||
| f | |||
| ɸ | |||
|- | |||
! b | |||
| ב | |||
| b | |||
| b | |||
| p | |||
| p | |||
|- | |||
! t | |||
| ת | |||
| t | |||
| t | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| t | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;"| t | |||
|- | |||
! d | |||
| ד | |||
| d | |||
| d | |||
|- | |||
! k | |||
| כ | |||
| k | |||
| k | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | k | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | k | |||
|- | |||
! g | |||
| ג | |||
| g | |||
| g | |||
|- | |||
! k' | |||
| ק | |||
| q | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | q | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ʔ | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø | |||
|- | |||
! χ | |||
| ח | |||
| χ | |||
|- | |||
! m | |||
| מ | |||
| m | |||
| m | |||
| m | |||
| m | |||
|- | |||
! n | |||
| נ | |||
| n/** | |||
| n/** | |||
| n | |||
| n | |||
|- | |||
! ɬ | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ש | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɬ/ʃ* | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ŋ | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ŋ | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ŋ | |||
|- | |||
! ɬʼ | |||
|- | |||
! θ | |||
| t | |||
| t | |||
| t | |||
|- | |||
! t' | |||
| ט | |||
| ṭ | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ts | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | h | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø | |||
|- | |||
! s' | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | צ | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | s' | |||
|- | |||
! θ' | |||
|- | |||
! s | |||
| ס | |||
| s | |||
| s | |||
| s | |||
| h | |||
|- | |||
! z | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ז | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | z | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɟ͡ʝ | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ? | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | t/r/h | |||
|- | |||
! ð | |||
|- | |||
! l | |||
| ל | |||
| l | |||
| l | |||
| l | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɾ | |||
|- | |||
! r | |||
| ר | |||
| r | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | r | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | r | |||
|- | |||
! ʁ | |||
| ע | |||
| ʁ | |||
|- | |||
! w | |||
| ו | |||
| w/y* | |||
| w | |||
| w | |||
| w | |||
|- | |||
! y | |||
| י | |||
| y/h | |||
| y | |||
| ø/i* | |||
| ø | |||
|- | |||
! h | |||
| ה | |||
| h | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | h | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø | |||
|- | |||
! ħ | |||
| ח | |||
| ħ | |||
|} | |||
==== PS to PH ==== | |||
Proto-Semitic had an enormous number of consonants, several of whom survived in Old South Arabic, but did not make it into Paleo-Hebrew. | |||
==== PH to AH ==== | |||
From Paleo-Hebrew to AH, the major changes are | |||
* sin/šin to ng | |||
* ḥet could be h or q, since it was a homograph | |||
* `ayin usually turned into plain a, but word-initially it became the glottal stop + a. It could also be r | |||
* z became s | |||
* n continued to assimilate into gemination a lot of the time | |||
==== AH to ... ==== | |||
* h dropped off to nothing | |||
* yod became the vowel i or nothing | |||
* ts became h | |||
* n stopped assimilating | |||
* the glottal stop fell away | |||
* q became the glottal stop | |||
* p became f (lenition) | |||
* '''Devoicing''' | |||
** d became t | |||
** g became k | |||
** b became p | |||
==== ... to PH ==== | |||
* f became that Māori thing | |||
* h went away | |||
* s became h | |||
* r and l fused into the Asian r | |||
<br clear="both" /> | |||
=== Vowels === | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle; float:left" | |||
! colspan="2" | TH | |||
| < | |||
! PH | |||
! AH | |||
| > | |||
! PH | |||
|- | |||
| pre-tonic || '''ə''' | |||
| a | |||
| a | |||
|- | |||
| pre-tonic || '''ə''' | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
|- | |||
| pro-pretonic || '''ə''' | |||
| a | |||
| a | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || əC'''ī''' | |||
| aCy | |||
| aCyV | |||
|- | |||
| pro-pretonic || '''i''' | |||
| ǔ | |||
| u | |||
|- | |||
| pretonic || '''i''' | |||
| i | |||
| i | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || '''ī''' | |||
| ī | |||
| ī | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || '''i''' | |||
| uy | |||
| iwyV | |||
|- | |||
| pretonic || '''o''' | |||
| ō | |||
| u | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || '''ō'''C | |||
| ōC | |||
| ō | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || '''o''' | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || '''ā''' | |||
| ā | |||
| a | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || '''â''' | |||
| ay | |||
| áya | |||
|- | |||
| pretonic || '''a''' | |||
| ā | |||
| a | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || '''ē'''C | |||
| ēC | |||
| i | |||
|- | |||
| pre-tonic || '''ē'''C | |||
| ēC | |||
| i | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || '''ē''' | |||
| ē | |||
| ayV | |||
|- | |||
| post-tonic || '''e''' | |||
| ø | |||
| ø | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || '''ū'''/û | |||
| ū | |||
| ū/uw | |||
|- | |||
| tonic || '''û''' | |||
| û | |||
| iw | |||
|- | |||
| segolate || '''e'''/ē | |||
| a | |||
| a | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right" | |||
! colspan="2" | PS | |||
! colspan="2" | PH | |||
! colspan="2" | BH | |||
! colspan="3" | TH | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Short || Long | |||
! Short || Long | |||
! Short || Long | |||
! Reduced || Short || Long | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | i | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ī/ē | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | i | |||
| ī/î | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | i | |||
| ī/î | |||
| rowspan="9" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ә <br /> <br /> ĭ <br /> ă <br /> ĕ <br /> ŏ <br /> ŭ | |||
| i | |||
| ī/î | |||
! ḥîreq | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ē | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ē/ê | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | e | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ē/ê | |||
! ṣērê | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | a/e | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ā | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | a | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | a | |||
! sĕgōl | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ā | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | â, ā | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | a | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ā | |||
! pataḥ | |||
|- | |||
! qāmeṣ | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | u/o/ʊ | |||
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū/ō | |||
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | u/o/ʊ | |||
| ō | |||
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | u/o/ʊ | |||
| ō/ô | |||
| o | |||
| ō/ô | |||
! ḥōlem | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū/û | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū/û | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | u/ʊ | |||
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū/û | |||
! qibbuṣ | |||
|- | |||
! šûreq | |||
|- | |||
! schwa/<br /> ḥatef's | |||
|} | |||
Like ḥet and `ayin in the consonants, the vowels require a lot of first going back before you can go forward. BH must be back-tracked to PH, but it's not as bad as it seems. Remember, Proto-Hebrew only had 3.5 vowels! 3.5 is because it would've still been just /a/, /i/, and /u/ (and /ā/, /ū/, and /ī/) like PS, except stressed ā became ō. This is called the '''Canaanite Shift''', and it happened before the exodus from the Levant. Likewise, '''Philippi's Law''' says /i/ to /a/ in a closed, accented syllable. | |||
* /ô/ should stay | |||
* /i/ and /u/ stay before geminated consonants | |||
* pro-pre-tonic and before reduce if possible | |||
* /a/ is more stable than /i/ or /u/ | |||
* diphthongs survive at the end of word | |||
* aw --> o | |||
* ay ---> e | |||
[[Category:Languages]] |
edits