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Celabrian: Difference between revisions
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Derived stems are formed by adding derivational affixes to the primary stem. Derived verbs include causatives, antipassives, and applicatives. Tense stems are formed by adding affixes to the main stem, whether primary or derived. | Derived stems are formed by adding derivational affixes to the primary stem. Derived verbs include causatives, antipassives, and applicatives. Tense stems are formed by adding affixes to the main stem, whether primary or derived. | ||
====TAM==== | ====TAM==== | ||
Celabrian has the tenses listed below (''P'' = perfective stem; ''I'' = imperfective stem; ''O'' = optative stem; ''1'' = primary personal endings; ''2'' = secondary personal endings). | Celabrian has the tenses listed below (''P'' = perfective stem; ''I'' = imperfective stem; ''O'' = optative stem; ''1'' = primary personal endings; ''2'' = secondary personal endings; bold affix = stress on affix; bold stem = stress on final syllable of stem). | ||
*''' | *'''Aorist''' (''<b>P</b>-1'') | ||
**'''Indicative:''' Expresses | **'''Indicative:''' Expresses a simple action in the past. Can also express a non-past action in the appropriate context, such as when used in conjunction with a future adverb. | ||
**'''Subjunctive:''' Expresses a simple action in the appropriate time-frame (as provided by context) without reference to completion. | |||
*'''Perfective:''' (ṭ<u>a</u>-''<b>P</b>-1'') | |||
**'''Indicative:''' Expresses an action that took place in the past that has present relevance. In a non-present frame of reference, indicates a relative past. | |||
**'''Subjunctive:''' Expresses an action that took place before the frame of reference (i.e. a relative past). | |||
*'''Habitual:''' (''P''-(<u>ə</u>)m-''<b>2</b>'' – <u>ə</u> is added when needed for pronunciation) | |||
**Expresses a repeated action. | |||
*'''Progressive:''' (''I''-(<u>ə</u>)t-''<b>2</b>'') | |||
**Expresses an ongoing action in the present (or in the frame of reference). | |||
*'''Imperfect:''' (''<b>I</b>-1'') | |||
**Expresses an ongoing action in the past (or before the frame of reference). | |||
*'''Optative:''' (''<b>O</b>-1'') | |||
**'''Indicative:''' Expresses a wish/desire/intention. Also used as a jussive/cohortative, and as an affirmative imperative for ergative agents and (in the negative) as a negative imperative for all subjects. | |||
**'''Subjunctive:''' Functions as a softer jussive/cohortative/imperative. | |||
*'''Imperative:''' (singular: '''''O'''''; plural: '''''O'''''-(<u>ə</u>)t) | |||
**For direct commands. Always affirmative; use optative for negative. | |||
All subjunctives are formed by from the corresponding indicatives by removing personal suffixes then adding the stressed suffix -<u>'''a'''</u>š-''1'' to the tense stem. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||