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Volapűük nulíik: Difference between revisions
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Numbers | ''Numbers'' | ||
Nouns inflect for numbers. This means they indicate wheather a noun appears as a single entity (singular) as a pair / in two (dual) or in more that one entity (plural). Each number has specific marker: | Nouns inflect for numbers. This means they indicate wheather a noun appears as a single entity (singular) as a pair / in two (dual) or in more that one entity (plural). Each number has specific marker: | ||
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Cases | ''Cases'' | ||
'''Volapȕük nulíik''' has a complexe set of cases. The complexity arises from a set of nine primary cases which exist on itself but can be combined with a set of prefixes of local, temporal or abstract function. This combination creates more than thirty different cases which not all can be named and not all are actually regarded as cases of their own. | '''Volapȕük nulíik''' has a complexe set of cases. The complexity arises from a set of nine primary cases which exist on itself but can be combined with a set of prefixes of local, temporal or abstract function. This combination creates more than thirty different cases which not all can be named and not all are actually regarded as cases of their own. | ||
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The further development spread the ''-ȍ''-suffix to other dialects and within about 50 years the usage as a marker of respect evolved. Therefore, the language has nowadays two forms of marking the vocative case: a) using the lenited nominative stem b) adding the suffix -ȍ to show more respect to the person adressed. | The further development spread the ''-ȍ''-suffix to other dialects and within about 50 years the usage as a marker of respect evolved. Therefore, the language has nowadays two forms of marking the vocative case: a) using the lenited nominative stem b) adding the suffix -ȍ to show more respect to the person adressed. | ||
''Prefixes'' | |||
The category ''Prefix'' encompasses a wide range of lexical elements that have two things in common: | |||
a) all of them were prepositions and became attached to the stem at some point in the history of the language. | |||
b) they change the beginning of the noun they are attached to by a process called lenition. This process is explained in detail in the section '''morphophonological processes'''. | |||
c) they do occur alone but are allways combined with a specific case suffix. In some cases a single prefix may be combined with more than one case suffixe and thus giving a specific, different meaning with each case suffix. | |||
Local prefixes | |||
These prefixes indicate spatial relations. In most natlangs and conlangs these relations are expressed via seperate words. In Volapȕük nulíik this used to be done as well. However, about two thousend years ago the people started combining adverbs with prepositions, e.g. ''in domó'' 'at the house' > ''indomó''. These new expressions were very fast recognised and analysed as complet words and only about 100 years after the first appearence of such constructions they were written with the initial syllabic structure CV- including a change of the initial consonant: niddomó (<dd> representing a dental fricative [ð]). Most of these prefixes kept the phonetic structure they had as prepositions. | |||
Since these prefixes inherit a local meaning they are combined with the locative case. They do this if they mean a place or a location ''where'' an action takes place. When they indicate the aim of a movement, they are combined - as e. g. in German or many Slavic languages with the accusative case. The third option is different depending on the style of language used. For indicating the origin of a movement, the Northern dialect employs the delative case (expressed by the suffix ''-ȁ-''), the other dialects and the standard language use the dative case (-é-) instead. | |||
This table givs an overview of the local prefixes and their meaning: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! suffix !! meaning !! case combined (case in other languages) !! example || translation | |||
|- | |||
|ni- || inside of || locative (inessive) || niđomó || in the house | |||
|- | |||
||ni- || into sth. || accusative (illative) || niđomí || into the house | |||
|- | |||
||ni- || out of sth.|| dative/delative (elative) || niđomé / niđomȁ || out of the house | |||
|- | |||
||fo- || in front of || locative (?) || fođomó || in front of the house | |||
|- | |||
||fo- || into the front of || accusative (?) || fođomí || into the front of the house | |||
|- | |||
||fo- || from the front of || dative/delative (?) || fođomé / fođomȁ || from the front of the house | |||
|- | |||
||po- || behind || locative (?) || pođomó || behind the house | |||
|- | |||
||po- || into the backside of || accusative (?) || pođomí || into the backside of the house | |||
|- | |||
||po- || from the backside of || dative/delative (?) || pođomé / pođomȁ || from the backside of the house | |||
|- | |||
||di- || under || locative (?) || diđomó || under the house | |||
|- | |||
||di- || into the underside of || accusative (?) || diđomí || into the underside of the house | |||
|- | |||
||di- || from the underside of || dative/delative (?) || diđomé / diđomȁ || from the underside of the house | |||
|- | |||
||lü- || the direction of || locative (?) || lüđomó || in the direction of the house (place) | |||
|- | |||
||lü- || into the front of || accusative (?) || lüđomí || in the direction of the house (movement) | |||
|- | |||
||lü- || from the direction of || dative/delative (?) || lüđomé / lüđomȁ || from the direction of the house | |||
|- | |||
||lo- || above || locative (?) || lođomó || above the house | |||
|- | |||
||lo- || into the space above of || accusative (?) || lođomí || above the house (movement) | |||
|- | |||
||lo || from the space above of || dative/delative (?) || lođomé / lođomȁ || from the space above of the house | |||
|- | |||
||su- || on || locative (?) || suđomó || on the house | |||
|- | |||
||su- || onto || accusative (?) || suđomí || onto the house | |||
|- | |||
||su- || from the upside of || dative/delative (?) || suđomé / suđomȁ || from the upside of the house | |||
|- | |||
||be- || between || locative (?) || beđomót || between the two houses | |||
|- | |||
||be- || in between || accusative (?) || beđomít || in between the two houses (movement) | |||
|- | |||
||be- || from in between of || dative/delative (?) || beđomét / beđomȁt || from in between of the two houses | |||
|- | |||
||da- || through || locative (?) || dađomó || through the two houses (place) | |||
|- | |||
||da- || through sth. || accusative (?) || dađomí || through the house (aim) | |||
|- | |||
||da- || from through of || dative/delative (?) || dađomé / dađomȁ || from in through the house (origin) | |||
|- | |||
||le- || into the space at || locative (?) || lođomó || into the space at the house | |||
|- | |||
||le- || from the space at sth. || accusative (?) || lođomí || from the space at the house (movement) | |||
|- | |||
||le- || from at || dative/delative (?) || lođomé / lođomȁ || from at the house | |||
|- | |||
||mu- || next to || locative (?) || muđomó || next to the house | |||
|- | |||
||mu- || into the space next of || accusative (?) || muđomí || next to the house (movement) | |||
|- | |||
||mu- || from the space next of || dative/delative (?) || muđomé / muđomȁ || from the space next of the house | |||
|} | |||
''Determiners'' | |||
''Modal particles'' | |||