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→Periphrastic forms
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* Future: ''trubann ê'' "it will be sung" | * Future: ''trubann ê'' "it will be sung" | ||
* Future perfect: ''trubann iṭur/fuṭur ê'' "it will have been sung" | * Future perfect: ''trubann iṭur/fuṭur ê'' "it will have been sung" | ||
Some verbs like ''apilyori'' "to call, name", or | Some verbs like ''apilyori'' "to call, name", or verbs such as ''apiri-s'' "to buy" when used reflexively (see below for that case), are intransitive and can't build an actual passive, but a passive meaning form is made by using the third person plural, e.g. ''apelyant-u di amuri'' "it is called 'love' ~ they call it 'love'". | ||
Uniquely among Romance languages, Rumonian has "pseudo-passive" forms which use ''aḍipisciri'' (to get, deponent) as an auxiliary verb: they are used with ditransitive verbs, and cast focus on the theme, as Rumonian being secundative means that in true passive forms it's the recipient which becomes subject. However, unlike in true passive forms, the theme is not the subject, and the verb conjugates for the (usually unstated) recipient: | Uniquely among Romance languages, Rumonian has "pseudo-passive" forms which use ''aḍipisciri'' (to get, deponent) as an auxiliary verb: they are used with ditransitive verbs, and cast focus on the theme, as Rumonian being secundative means that in true passive forms it's the recipient which becomes subject. However, unlike in true passive forms, the theme is not the subject, and the verb conjugates for the (usually unstated) recipient: | ||
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* '''Pseudo-passive:''' ''Lus cuḍixis hal aḍeutus doṭus Francisc tras Lucia.''<br/>The books <small>(synt. obj.)</small> were given to Francis <small>(subj.)</small> by Lucia <small>(agent)</small>. | * '''Pseudo-passive:''' ''Lus cuḍixis hal aḍeutus doṭus Francisc tras Lucia.''<br/>The books <small>(synt. obj.)</small> were given to Francis <small>(subj.)</small> by Lucia <small>(agent)</small>. | ||
In the last sentence, we can note that the auxiliary form of ''haviri'' is in the third person singular, agreeing with "Francis", while the participles are masculine plural, agreeing with "the books". | In the last sentence, we can note that the auxiliary form of ''haviri'' is in the third person singular, agreeing with "Francis", while the participles are masculine plural, agreeing with "the books". | ||
Some verbs often used in the reflexive, like the above mentioned ''apiri-s'' "to buy" (its actual object is the beneficiary, which is treated as being reflexive in the majority of cases this verb is used in, e.g. ''apiri-m di arpol pon'' "I buy [myself] some bread"), are actually ditransitive and follow the same argument pattern as ''dori'', and are usually passivized in all three ways, with the third person plural being predominant when there's no stated agent: | |||
* ''Apirunt-us di tria quilugrama di orisa.'' "Three kilograms of rice are bought." | |||
* ''Apisiṭ fui dil pon tras mama ma.'' "I have been bought the bread by mom." | |||
* ''Il pon hoi aḍeut apisiṭ tras mama ma.'' "The bread has been bought for me by mom." | |||
==Texts== | ==Texts== | ||