Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Eighth edition lekma (view source)

Revision as of 17:33, 13 March 2019

2,103 bytes removed ,  13 March 2019
no edit summary
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
  A conlang named lekma /ˈɥexmä/ is an experimental language, language Type (aiming): it is a miniature. being low amount of distinct categories, half of lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages, rests are from many others. it is for aid of learning about languages, making is to learn languages.
  A conlang named lekma /ˈɥexmä/ is an experimental language, language Type (aiming): it is a miniature. being low amount of distinct categories, half of lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages, rests are from many others. it is for learning about languages, making is to learn languages.


words are full nouns or morpheme nouns
  nouns: +morpheme nouns(that are intransitives), +adjective nouns(monotransitives), +demonstrative nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +verb-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +enclitics(they turn nouns to full nouns): demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, adjectival suffix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, verbal suffix: l,hel/ɦel/(habitual, nominaliser), had/ɦät/(subjunctive) aaena, aauda/ŋdɐ/(processive) aaein,aaeni,aandi/ˈ..ndi/(perfective, an,en,ne,hen/ɦen/, vowel to nasalise+/en/(nominaliser).
  nouns: +morpheme nouns(that are intransitives), +adjective nouns(monotransitives), +demonstrative nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +verb-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +enclitics(they turn nouns to full nouns): demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, adjectival suffix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, verbal suffix: l,hel/ɦel/(habitual, nominaliser), had/ɦät/(subjunctive) aaena, aauda/ŋdɐ/(processive) aaein,aaeni,aandi/ˈ..ndi/(perfective, an,en,ne,hen/ɦen/, vowel to nasalise+/en/(nominaliser).




full nouns are indicative forms. borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, some then enter full nouns. VO phrases are also full nouns.
every words are full nouns or morpheme nouns, full nouns are indicative forms.
e are null vowel null consonants if they are free from diacritics.
borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, some then enter full nouns. VO phrases are also full nouns.
(in this site uses resemble phonetic notations)
e are null vowel null consonants if they are free from diacritics. (in this site uses resemble phonemic notations)




  found laa/ga:/ so some are irregular.
  it seems there are laa/ga:/ so some are irregular.
  gemination affects vowel before it to lengthen or something then it is simplified.
  gemination affects vowel before it to lengthen or something then, it is simplified.
  tone rises at words initially. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), ǃ(ǂ) exclamation, before a loan word.
  tone rises at words initially. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), ǃ(ǂ) exclamation, before a loan word.
   
  excepting q w p g j y. consonant u is added as it is ng.
  dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u aèi velar nasal.
  dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u aèi velar nasal.


Line 19: Line 18:
Syntacs
Syntacs
Type: SVO.
Type: SVO.
focal ergative noun • verbal transitive noun objective noun adjectival suffix + topic noun / verbal stative noun adjective noun adjectival suffix + topic noun / topic noun • adjective noun adjectival suffix, where a middle dot separates phrases, phrases can switch their places.
ergative noun • verbal noun objective noun + topic noun / verbal noun • noun adjectival suffix + topic noun,
where a middle dot separates phrases, focal phrases can switch their places to be at first to others.




an object right after the verbal noun needs no suffix nor particle. an object before the verb needs a support of an objectival particle.
an object right after the verbal noun needs no suffix nor particle. an object before the verb needs a support of an objectival particle.




Line 54: Line 54:




Part of speech.
There is noun, noun whose root acts as a verb, adjective derived from the both, finally particle derived from the verbal root.
Adjectives indicate what a subject is. Verbs express what a subject does or is.


Structure is as follows.
A main clause constructs particle + agentive/subjective noun + verb + object, a subject/topic may follows.
  A clause of a verb + a complement is either indication of what the subject does or is, or acts as a noun.
  A clause of a verb + a complement is either indication of what the subject does or is, or acts as a noun.
  A clause of a verb + a complement + a noun is a noun.
  A clause of a verb + a complement + a noun is a noun.
  A clause of a verb + a complement + suffix, acting as an adjective, modifies a noun.
  A clause of a verb + a complement + suffix, acting as an adjective, modifies a noun.


Frontings.
Frontings.
A connective noun/focused word/interjection in the usage, that are before the main clause.
A connective noun/focused word/interjection in the usage, that are before the main clause.
Also an adjective clause/conditional noun is in front of main clause in a clause + clause construction.
Also an adjective clause/conditional noun is in front of main clause in a clause + clause construction.
 
 
Morpheme inventory


{{trans-top|Morpheme inventory *under development}}
* s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/,
* s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/,
* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,
* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,
Line 82: Line 79:
* -ns /ns/
* -ns /ns/
* -ens /ɦens/
* -ens /ɦens/
{{trans-mid|}}
* -l /l/
* -l /l/
* -t /t/
* -t /t/
Line 101: Line 97:
* -nds /indɐs/
* -nds /indɐs/
* -nts /intes/
* -nts /intes/
{{trans-bottom}}




Line 243: Line 238:




{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
phonotactics
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1080px; text-align:center"
CVC, some actuall a CV
!  |
 
!  |C
!  |V
!  |C/CC
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|root words are either CVC or CVCC
| k:allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ
| k:allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ
| ä:allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
| ä:allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
| ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk
| ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk
|}
|}
{{trans-bottom}}


'''Declension *under development'''
 
 


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
|-
{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
Line 304: Line 286:
| hians/ɦiäns/
| hians/ɦiäns/
| They (singular)
| They (singular)
|}
'''Conjugation *under development'''


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}
verb root}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}}
indicative form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}}
subjunctive form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}}
connective form}}
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}}
{{blue|noun-like form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
{{blue|gloss}}
|-
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|
Line 331: Line 310:
| selnt/selint/
| selnt/selint/
| be
| be
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/
! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/
| bar/bäl/
| bar/bäl/
Line 339: Line 317:
| balnt/pälint/
| balnt/pälint/
| have
| have
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|tel/tel/
! style="text-align: center; "|tel/tel/
| ter/tel/
| ter/tel/
Line 347: Line 324:
| telnt/telint/
| telnt/telint/
| hang,raise
| hang,raise
|}


'''Made texts'''
*under development


{{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis}}
Made text
* I: ʋɐk /uac
 
* you (singular): ʋyː /uue
 
* he: ɦäŋ /han
* I: ʋɐk /uac* you (singular): ʋyː /uue* he: ɦäŋ /han* we:  /uacen* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen* they: ɦiä /hia* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos* here: tocma /tcm* there: kkaema /aem* who: hhia,lhia /lia* what: kva /kva* where: kvime /kvm* when: kvatzuí /kvn* how: kvamuí /kvi* not: né /nei* all: àen /aen
* we:  /uacen
* many: àens /aens* some: de àen /duiaen* few: làes /leas* other: né daes /neidae* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa* two: tzue /dva* three: mal /mal* four: cut /cut* five: unal /hal* big: lhens* long: naelhens* wide: daesbala* thick: bala* heavy: né fie /neifias* small: nal* short: kul* narrow: tis /tsm* thin: kadtis* woman: lhúa /lua* man (adult male): lhúa /lua* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo* child: tisluo
* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen
* mother: mâma /mam* father: dâda /dad* animal: tissor d tis* fish: fisker* bird: tofie  /tfl* snake: lam* worm: hhom /orm* tree /bim
* they: ɦiä /hia
* forest: bsk* stick: baunel /uncertain* fruit: fam /flm* seed: fam /sem* leaf: hhüo /lif* root: lád /lad* flower: uncertain /lili* grass: ladlil
* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia
* rope: sinn /uncertain* skin: bäl /* meat: salk /slk* blood: salk* bone: lám * fat (noun): bét /fat* egg: ais* horn: kol /krn* tail: lámen /lam* feather: fie /fli* hair: tetr /khr* head: uncertain /cab* ear: olhen /orh* eye: ain /oin* nose: nis* mouth: uncertain /lif* tooth: tzann /fnc* tongue (organ): tzann /zau* fingernail: tzann /fau* foot: uncertain /bam* leg: uncertain /bam* knee: baim* hand: tec /tek* wing: fiem /fli* belly: mac
* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos
* guts: mac * neck: nec* back: tzüc /ruc* breast: bec /fec* heart: kel /kor* liver: kel* to drink: sifel /drk* to eat: nem /nhm* to bite: tzaunel /tnf
* here: tocma /tcm
* to suck: sifel * to spit: nemel* to vomit: tue dae nems* to blow: bolel * to breathe: nesel /* to laugh: hrak /rch* to see: vis /ver* to hear: sanhel /oir* to know: caän* to think: canel /dik* to smell: nesel /uncertain* to fear: bai* to sleep: bei /slf* to live: súmel* to die: né súmel /meisumel* to kill: sral * to fight: sral /uncertain* to hunt: sral* to hit: láb /lfn* to cut: kul* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
* there: kkaema /aem
* to stab: binn * to scratch: skilel* to dig: binn /nem* to swim: uncertain /sìm* to fly: uncertain /fei* to walk: salkel* to come: hhim /clm
* who: hhia,lhia /lia
* to lie (as in a bed): lob* to sit: sidel /set* to stand: hrec /tnd* to turn (intransitive): silkel* to fall: feiel /fei* to give: duo* to hold: hrantel* to squeeze: tzecal* to rub: vask * to wash: vasker* to wipe: vaskel /vsk* to pull: tec* to push: tec,ffon* to throw: tue toc náe* to tie: ticel /bnd* to sew: ffinticel* to count: teltzif* to say: seu* to sing: séunel /seu* to play: bil /sfl* to float: lom /flt* to flow: ae /flt
* what: kva /kva
* to freeze: íelel /iel* to swell: rcol /uncertain* sun: hrá /uncertain* moon: daehrá /mun* star: lucz /trl* water: súm /sumi* rain: lein /rcn
* where: kvime /kvm
* river: léne /len* lake: léne /len* sea: léneen /len* salt: saltee* stone: shè /stn* sand: sahr /snd* dust: hroma* earth: thi /nulmaf
* when: kvatzuí /kvn
* cloud: küt /sku* fog: küt /foc* sky: séo /sulmaf* wind: fendas /vnd* snow: nívas /snu* ice: íelen /ais* smoke: féu /feo* fire: féu /feo* ash: daeféu
* how: kvamuí /kvi
* to burn: tocféu tue /feol* road: vei /vec* mountain: uncertain /mon* red: hrot /rod* green: léu /crn* yellow: col /clb* white: hrát /vit* black: dal /blc* night: dal /nkt* day: dis /dac* year: iálen /zuames* warm: nôk /vrm* cold: íels /chl* full: buk /ful* new: bil* old: né bil* good: hhim /bim
* not: né /nei
* bad: né hhim* rotten: tocel nae* dirty: mud* straight: bim* round: kadbal* sharp (as a knife): dis * dull (as a knife): dos* smooth: dilel
* all: àen /aen
* wet: suːmmɯi /summui* dry: sekal /sek* correct: bim* near: tocmas* far: naema* right: hris /lkt* left: chol /lnk* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui
* many: àens /aens
* in: lhea /ins* with: mɯi /mui* and: e,elk /elk* if: o,sôm /som* because: fɯi /fui* name: námel /nam
* some: de àen /duiaen
 
* few: làes /leas
* other: né daes /neidae
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa
* two: tzue /dva
* three: mal /mal
* four: cut /cut
* five: unal /hal
* big: lhens /uncertain
* long: naelhens /uncertain
* wide: daesbala /uncertain
* thick: bala /uncertain
* heavy: né fie /neifias
* small: uncertain /nal
* short: kul /uncertain
* narrow: tis /tsm
* thin: kadtis /uncertain
* woman: lhúa /lua
* man (adult male): lhúa /lua
* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
* child: uncertain /tisluo
* mother: mâma /mam
* father: dâda /tat
* animal: this /uncertain
* fish: fisk /fsk
* bird: tofie  /tfl
* snake: uncertain /lam
* worm: hhom /orm
* tree: uncertain /bim
* forest: uncertain /bsk
* stick: baunel /uncertain
* fruit: fam /flm
* seed: fam /sem
* leaf: hhüo /lif
* root: lád /lad
* bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk
* flower: uncertain /lili
* grass: ladlili /uncertain
* rope: sinn /uncertain
* skin: bäl /uncertain
* meat: salk /slk
* blood: salk /uncertain
* bone: lám /uncertain
* fat (noun): bét /fat
* egg: ais /uncertain
* horn: kol /krn
* tail: lámen /lam
* feather: fie /fli
* hair: tetr /khr
* head: uncertain /cab
* ear: olhen /orh
* eye: ain /oin
* nose: nes /nez
* mouth: uncertain /lif
* tooth: tzann /fnc
* tongue (organ): tzann /zau
* fingernail: tzann /fau
* foot: uncertain /bam
* leg: uncertain /bam
* knee: baim /uncertain
* hand: tec /tek
* wing: fiem /fli
* belly: mac /uncertain
* guts: mac /uncertain
* neck: nec /uncertain
* back: tzüc /ruc
* breast: bec /fec
* heart: kel /kor
* liver: kel /uncertain
* to drink: sifel /drk
* to eat: nem /nhm
* to bite: tzaunel /tnf
* to suck: sifel /uncertain
* to spit: nemel /uncertain
* to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
* to blow: bolel /uncertain
* to breathe: nesel /uncertain
* to laugh: hrak /rch
* to see: vis /ver
* to hear: sanhel /oir
* to know: can /cna
* to think: canel /dik
* to smell: nesel /uncertain
* to fear: bai /uncertain
* to sleep: bei /slf
* to live: súmel /uncertain
* to die: né súmel /meisumel
* to kill: sral /uncertain
* to fight: sral /uncertain
* to hunt: sral /uncertain
* to hit: láb /lfn
* to cut: kul /uncertain
* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
* to stab: binn /uncertain
* to scratch: skilel /uncertain
* to dig: binn /nem
* to swim: uncertain /svi
* to fly: uncertain /fei
* to walk: salkel /uncertain
* to come: hhim /clm
* to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
* to sit: sidel /set
* to stand: hrec /tnd
* to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
* to fall: feiel /fei
* to give: túe /tue
* to hold: hrantel /uncertain
* to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
* to rub: vask /uncertain
* to wash: vask /uncertain
* to wipe: vaskel /vsk
* to pull: tec /uncertain
* to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
* to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
* to tie: ticel /bnd
* to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
* to count: teltzif /uncertain
* to say: srua /seu
* to sing: séunel /seu
* to play: bil /sfl
* to float: lom /flt
* to flow: ae /flt
* to freeze: íelel /iel
* to swell: rcol /uncertain
* sun: hrá /uncertain
* moon: daehrá /mun
* star: lucz /trl
* water: súm /sumi
* rain: lein /rcn
* river: léne /len
* lake: léne /len
* sea: léneen /len
* salt: sala /slt
* stone: shè /stn
* sand: sahr /snd
* dust: hroma /uncertain
* earth: thi /nulmaf
* cloud: küt /sku
* fog: küt /foc
* sky: séo /sulmaf
* wind: fendas /vnd
* snow: nívas /snu
* ice: íelen /ais
* smoke: féu /feo
* fire: féu /feo
* ash: daeféu /uncertain
* to burn: tocféu tue /feol
* road: vei /vec
* mountain: uncertain /mon
* red: hrot /rod
* green: léu /crn
* yellow: col /clb
* white: hrát /vit
* black: dal /blc
* night: dal /nkt
* day: dis /dac
* year: iálen /zuames
* warm: nôk /vrm
* cold: íels /chl
* full: buk /ful
* new: bil /uncertain
* old: né bil /uncertain
* good: hhim /bim
* bad: né hhim /uncertain
* rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
* dirty: mud /uncertain
* straight: bim /uncertain
* round: kadbal /uncertain
* sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
* dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
* smooth: dilel /uncertain
* wet: suːmmɯi /summui
* dry: sekal /sek
* correct: bim /uncertain
* near: tocmas /uncertain
* far: naemas /uncertain
* right: hris /lkt
* left: chol /lnk
* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui
* in: lhea /ins
* with: mɯi /mui
* and: e,elk /elk
* if: o,sôm /som
* because: fɯi /fui
* name: námel /nam
Lexics
Lexics
c24 x v3 x c24 plus i u h e sk lk ls lm nt etc.
mam*mom mim mum mon miu mou mac miz muk mil mul mai*value nac*i nacmi*europant naciò*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat niska nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house boske*forest bah*brace diu dol*fish dad*dad dek dui*do what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilke aam*aim aas aal aelkä abbreviated to e*accompanying with aolsë or o*compared with den*keep deh*hang zil zul zah*nail zeica d zêc*sore tam tau*fang tal*string tin tax tic sel*be by súmmi*water sul süe*you seh*be sud saf xan xul*up xai*why xei*what xui*how,when fam*fruits fun foù*fire kalmê kum kat*hands kalke ham han*he neuter hai*they singular vad*what,who vie*why,how vaska von*when,where rac*cross ril*lough len*wind lan*group lis*smile lal*pilor lul*food iel*slope ser*being.
mam*mom mim mum mon miu muu mac miz muk mil mul mai*value nac*i nacmi*europant naciò*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat niska nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house boske*forest bah*brace diu dol*fish dad*dad dek dui*do what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilke aam*aim aas aal aelkä abbreviated to e*accompanying with aolsë or o*compared with den*keep deh*hang zil zul zah*nail zeica*sore tam tau*fang tal*string tin tax tic sel*be by súmmi*water sul süe*you seh*be sud saf xan xul*up xai*why xei*what xui*how,when fam*fruits fun foù*fire kalmê kum kat*hands kalke ham han*he neuter hai*they singular vad*what,who vie*why,how vaska von*when,where rac*cross ril*lough len*wind lan*group lis*smile lal*pilor lul*food iel*slope ser*being.
Neubalhhonn
580

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/148368"

Navigation menu