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Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions
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A conlang, autonym Lekmae /ˈɥexmä/ is a tool to experiment grammatical features, Type (aiming): being low amount of distinct categories, | A conlang, autonym Lekmae /ˈɥexmä/ is a tool to experiment grammatical features, Type (aiming): being low amount of distinct categories, | ||
half of the lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages. As for making this miniature, that is to learn about languages. | half of the lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages. As for making this miniature, that is to learn about languages. | ||
content: {{green|n}}ouns(nominal of intransitives), {{green|a}}djective nouns(nominal of adjectives), {{green|d}}emonstrative nouns, {{green|v}}erbal nouns(nominal of monotransitives), {{green|c}}overbal nouns(have characteristics for the category), {{green|e}}nclitic nouns. | content: {{green|n}}ouns(nominal of intransitives), {{green|a}}djective nouns(nominal of adjectives), {{green|d}}emonstrative nouns, {{green|v}}erbal nouns(nominal of monotransitives), {{green|c}}overbal nouns(have characteristics for the category), {{green|e}}nclitic nouns. | ||
enclitics have variation for a word, distinguish these kinds, nominal, adjectival, plural, objective, present, habitual, subjunctive, processive, perfective. demontratives have plural forms, have characteristics for the category, express those kinds, ergative, objective, subjective, dative, near to the speaker, away from the speaker, person. every word is morpheme. nouns with enclitics or VO phrases, are indicative moods. | |||
{|nouns: + nouns(nomina of intransitives), nounsnominal of language monotansitives, nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +encliticsthey turn nouns t full nouns:demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, demostrative)-hen/ɦen/(plual), adjectial suix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, vebal suffix: hen/en/(motion in nce), hel/ɦel/, had/ɦät/(subjunctive dan/ŋdɐ/(processive) nin/nin/(perfective), an,en,ne,, vowel to nasalise+/ŋen/. | {|nouns: + nouns(nomina of intransitives), nounsnominal of language monotansitives, nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +encliticsthey turn nouns t full nouns:demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, demostrative)-hen/ɦen/(plual), adjectial suix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, vebal suffix: hen/en/(motion in nce), hel/ɦel/, had/ɦät/(subjunctive dan/ŋdɐ/(processive) nin/nin/(perfective), an,en,ne,, vowel to nasalise+/ŋen/. | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| an object right bafter verbal nun eeds no suffx nor partcle. an object before the motion in once a support of an objectial icle.|} | {| an object right bafter verbal nun eeds no suffx nor partcle. an object before the motion in once a support of an objectial icle.|} | ||
{| everys are morpheme nouns, full nouns, ul nouns are indicatives. in this site uses resemble notations|} | {| everys are morpheme nouns, full nouns, ul nouns are indicatives. in this site uses resemble notations|} | ||
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{|borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, soe enter . | {|borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, soe enter . | ||
|} | |} | ||
Syntactics | Syntactics | ||
Type: SVO-Topic, right branching of a clause, left element modifies that in right. | Type: SVO-Topic, right branching of a clause, left element modifies that in right. | ||
Word formation: (+coverb) noun (+adjectifier of zeromorpheme) (+demonstrative) (+enclitic) (+verb) noun (+enclitic) (+adjectifier of zeromorpheme). | Word formation: (+coverb) noun (+adjectifier of zeromorpheme) (+demonstrative) (+enclitic) (+verb) noun (+enclitic) (+adjectifier of zeromorpheme). | ||
{| ergative noun • vebal noun objective noun from the grammar • topic noun / al noun • noun adjectival suffix • topic noun, where a middle dot separates phrases. they can switch thei places, phses at fists are foal phrases.|} | {| ergative noun • vebal noun objective noun from the grammar • topic noun / al noun • noun adjectival suffix • topic noun, where a middle dot separates phrases. they can switch thei places, phses at fists are foal phrases.|} | ||
{| aside from the onemic orthography, numerals are written. -|} | {| aside from the onemic orthography, numerals are written. -|} | ||
{| .0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z.|} | {| .0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z.|} | ||
{|Morpheme inventory|} | {|Morpheme inventory|} | ||
{|* s- /sɨ/,allo;/s/,* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,* a- /ä/* ∅- /ʔ/* -a /ɦä/* -e /ɦe/* -s /s/* -as /ɦäs/* -es /ɦes/* -n /n/* -en /ɦen/* -ns /ns/* -ens /ɦens/* -l /l/* -t /t/* -d , e is phonemically space, except for after a consonant including extras/t/* -ls /ls/* -ts /t͡s/* -ds /des/* -el /el/* -et /et/* -at /ät/* ad /äde/* -els /els/* -ets /et͡s/* -ats /ät͡s/* -ads /ädes/* -nd /indɐ/*for -nt /int/* -nds /indɐs/* -nts /intes/ | {|* s- /sɨ/,allo;/s/,* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,* a- /ä/* ∅- /ʔ/* -a /ɦä/* -e /ɦe/* -s /s/* -as /ɦäs/* -es /ɦes/* -n /n/* -en /ɦen/* -ns /ns/* -ens /ɦens/* -l /l/* -t /t/* -d , e is phonemically space, except for after a consonant including extras/t/* -ls /ls/* -ts /t͡s/* -ds /des/* -el /el/* -et /et/* -at /ät/* ad /äde/* -els /els/* -ets /et͡s/* -ats /ät͡s/* -ads /ädes/* -nd /indɐ/*for -nt /int/* -nds /indɐs/* -nts /intes/ | ||
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Writings | Writings | ||
excepting q w p g j y, u is added as /ŋ/. a i u are consonants in certain circumstances. | excepting q w p g j y, u is added as /ŋ/. a i u are consonants in certain circumstances. | ||
Grapheme inventory with their corresponding phonemes: | Grapheme inventory with their corresponding phonemes: | ||
{| | | {| | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Plosive</small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Plosive</small> | ||
| {{blue|b}}a{{blue|b}}(b~p) || || {{blue|d}}a{{blue|d}}(d~t) || || || {{blue|c}}a{{blue|c}}(k~ɡ) || || {{blue|a}}âe,aâ{{blue|e}}(ʔ, n/a) | | | {{blue|b}}a{{blue|b}}(b~p) || || {{blue|d}}a{{blue|d}}(d~t) || || || {{blue|c}}a{{blue|c}}(k~ɡ) || || {{blue|a}}âe,aâ{{blue|e}}(ʔ, n/a)| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Affricate</small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Affricate</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Semi vowel</small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Semi vowel</small> | ||
| || {{blue|a}}àe,aa{{blue|è}}(u̯) || {{blue|l}}a{{blue|l}},{{blue|u}}àe(ɥ, l) || || {{blue|a}}áe,aa{{blue|é}}(i̯) || || || aa{{blue|r}}(ë~ɐ̯, n/a) | | | || {{blue|a}}àe,aa{{blue|è}}(u̯) || {{blue|l}}a{{blue|l}},{{blue|u}}àe(ɥ, l) || || {{blue|a}}áe,aa{{blue|é}}(i̯) || || || aa{{blue|r}}(ë~ɐ̯, n/a)| | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Close</small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Close</small> | ||
| a{{blue|i}}e(i) || a{{blue|ü}}e(y) || a{{blue|êi}},a{{blue|í}}e(ëi̯) || a{{blue|ò}}e(u̯o) || a{{blue|ui}},a{{blue|î}}e(ɯɨ~ɨ) || a{{blue|u}}e(u) | | | a{{blue|i}}e(i) || a{{blue|ü}}e(y) || a{{blue|êi}},a{{blue|í}}e(ëi̯) || a{{blue|ò}}e(u̯o) || a{{blue|ui}},a{{blue|î}}e(ɯɨ~ɨ) || a{{blue|u}}e(u)| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Mid-open</small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Mid-open</small> | ||
| a{{blue|e}}e,e{{blue|ä}}e(e) || a{{blue|ö}}e,a{{blue|eû}}(ø) || || a{{blue|êu}},a{{blue|ù}}e(ëu̯) || || a{{blue|o}}e(o) | | | a{{blue|e}}e,e{{blue|ä}}e(e) || a{{blue|ö}}e,a{{blue|eû}}(ø) || || a{{blue|êu}},a{{blue|ù}}e(ëu̯) || || a{{blue|o}}e(o)| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Open</small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Open</small> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Phonotactics | Phonotactics | ||
CV(V)C. | |||
Tone slightly rises initially of a phrase. | Tone slightly rises initially of a phrase. | ||
{| sk sk not sk k lk not jk mm became ¨mb nn sta kk is long k ll e lh is ong ¨l n ¨ll gemination lengthens nearby phoneme. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), before a loanword, ǃ(ǂ) exclamation|} | {| sk sk not sk k lk not jk mm became ¨mb nn sta kk is long k ll e lh is ong ¨l n ¨ll gemination lengthens nearby phoneme. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), before a loanword, ǃ(ǂ) exclamation|} | ||
{|allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú;;ue;ua;uo | ɲ ŋ −vowel length lk −vowel length sk|} | {|allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú;;ue;ua;uo | ɲ ŋ −vowel length lk −vowel length sk|} | ||
{|! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}! colspan="1" |the agent of a transitive verb! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}! style="width:90px;"{{green|possessive form}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}! style="width: 90px; "||-! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/| sac/sɐk/| nac/nɐk/| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]|uacs/ʔäks/|sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/| uacens/ʔäːgens/| I! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/| sue/syː/| nue/nyː/| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/| uuens/ʔyːens/| You! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/| sia/siä/| nia/niä/| hia/ɦiä/| hias/ɦiäs/| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/| hians/ɦiäns/| They (singular)! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}indicative form}}subjunctive form}}connective form}}{{blue|noun-like form}}{{blue|gloss}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/| ser/sel/| seat/seɦät/| sad/säːt/| selnd/selindɐ/| selnt/selint/| be! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/| bar/bäl/| baat/päɦät/| bad/päːt/| balnd/pälindɐ| balnt/pälint/| have! |tel/tel/| ter/tel/| teat/teɦät/| tad/täːt/| telnd/telindɐ/| telnt/telint/| hang,raise | {|! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}! colspan="1" |the agent of a transitive verb! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}! style="width:90px;"{{green|possessive form}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}! style="width: 90px; "||-! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/| sac/sɐk/| nac/nɐk/| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]|uacs/ʔäks/|sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/| uacens/ʔäːgens/| I! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/| sue/syː/| nue/nyː/| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/| uuens/ʔyːens/| You! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/| sia/siä/| nia/niä/| hia/ɦiä/| hias/ɦiäs/| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/| hians/ɦiäns/| They (singular)! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}indicative form}}subjunctive form}}connective form}}{{blue|noun-like form}}{{blue|gloss}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/| ser/sel/| seat/seɦät/| sad/säːt/| selnd/selindɐ/| selnt/selint/| be! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/| bar/bäl/| baat/päɦät/| bad/päːt/| balnd/pälindɐ| balnt/pälint/| have! |tel/tel/| ter/tel/| teat/teɦät/| tad/täːt/| telnd/telindɐ/| telnt/telint/| hang,raise | ||
|} | |} | ||
Made text | Made text | ||
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Naciorneuse a Lekmae Neidoc. | Naciorneuse a Lekmae Neidoc. | ||
/näkʝonëu̯s(ë) ʔä ɥexmä nëi̯dok/ | /näkʝonëu̯s(ë) ʔä ɥexmä nëi̯dok/ | ||
romlang.be true.for Lekmae be.not.3 | romlang.be is.it.true.for Lekmae be.not.3 | ||
is Lekmae a romlang? no, it's not. | is Lekmae a romlang? no, it's not. | ||