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Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions
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A conlang, autonym Lekmae \ˈɥexmä\ is an aid for experimenting any grammatical features, Type (aiming): being low amount of distinct categories, | A conlang, autonym Lekmae \ˈɥexmä\ is an aid for experimenting any grammatical features, Type (aiming): being low amount of distinct categories, half of the lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages. Making this miniature is that to learn about languages. | ||
content: {{green|n}}ouns(nominal of intransitives), {{green|a}}djective nouns(nominal of adjectives), {{green|d}}emonstrative nouns, {{green|v}}erbal nouns(nominal of monotransitives), {{green|c}}overbal nouns(have characteristics for the category), {{green|e}}nclitic nouns. | content: {{green|n}}ouns(nominal of intransitives), {{green|a}}djective nouns(nominal of adjectives/adverbs), {{green|d}}emonstrative nouns, {{green|v}}erbal nouns(nominal of monotransitives), {{green|c}}overbal nouns(have characteristics for the category), {{green|e}}nclitic nouns. | ||
Demontratives have plural forms, characteristics for the category, express those kinds, ergative, objective, subjective, dative, near to the speaker, away from the speaker, first person, second person. Enclitics have variation for a word, distinguish those kinds, nominal, adjectival, plural, present, habitual, subjunctive, processive, perfective. | |||
{|nouns: + nouns(nomina of intransitives), nounsnominal of language monotansitives, nouns(which have pluals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +-derid particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +encliticsthe turn nun t full nouns:demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, demostrative)-hen/ɦen/(plual), adjectial suix: a,ä.ha/ɦä/,/e/ s/s, veal suffix: hen/en/(motion in nce), hel/ɦel/, had/ɦät/(subjunctive dan/ŋdɐ/(processive) nin/nin/(perfective), an,en,ne,, vowel to nasalise+/ŋen/. | |||
{|nouns: + nouns(nomina of intransitives), nounsnominal of language monotansitives, nouns(which have pluals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +- | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| an object right bafter verbal nun eeds no suffx nor partcle. an object before the motion in once a support of an objectial icle.|} | {| an object right bafter verbal nun eeds no suffx nor partcle. an object before the motion in once a support of an objectial icle.|} | ||
{| everys are morpheme nouns, full nouns, ul nouns are indicatives. in this site uses resemble notations|} | {| everys are morpheme nouns, full nouns, ul nouns are indicatives. in this site uses resemble notations|} | ||
{|it seems there are làa/ɡäː/ so some are regular VO are also full nouns.. if the are free from diacritics.|}{| ergative noun • vebal noun objective noun from the grammar • topic noun / al noun • noun adjectival suffix • topic of zeromorpheme noun, where a middle dot separates phrases. they can switch thei places, phses at fists are | {|it seems there are làa/ɡäː/ so some are regular VO are also full nouns.. if the are free from diacritics.|}{| ergative noun • vebal noun objective noun from the grammar • topic noun / al noun • noun adjectival suffix • topic of zeromorpheme noun, where a middle dot separates phrases. they can switch thei places, phses at fists are foa phrases.|} | ||
{| aside from the onemic orthography, numerals are written. -|} | {| aside from the onemic orthography, numerals are written. -|} | ||
{| .0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z.|} | {| .0123456789,10,11,12. is .oinmfvksba .io/x, ii/e, in/z.|} | ||
{| dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u vèi velar nas.|} | {| dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u vèi velar nas.|} | ||
{|borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, soe enter .{|Morpheme inventory|} | {|borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, soe enter .{|Morpheme inventory|} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Syntactics | Syntactics | ||
Type: SVO-Topic | Type: SVO-Topic. every single word is a morpheme. right branching of a clause. left element modifies that in right. adjectifier is a zeromorpheme. nouns with enclitics or VO phrases, are indicative moods. | ||
Word formation: (+coverb) noun (+adjectifier) (+demonstrative) (+enclitic) (+verb) noun (+enclitic) (+adjectifier). | Word formation: (+coverb) noun (+adjectifier) (+demonstrative) (+enclitic) (+verb) noun (+enclitic) (+adjectifier). | ||
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Phonotactics | Phonotactics | ||
CV(V)C. | CV(V)C. | ||
Tone slightly rises initially of a phrase. | Tone slightly rises initially for beginning of a phrase. | ||
{| sk sk not sk k lk not jk mm became ¨mb nn sta kk is long k ll e lh is ong ¨l n ¨ll gemination lengthens nearby phoneme. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), before a loanword, ǃ(ǂ) exclamation|} | {| sk sk not sk k lk not jk mm became ¨mb nn sta kk is long k ll e lh is ong ¨l n ¨ll gemination lengthens nearby phoneme. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), before a loanword, ǃ(ǂ) exclamation|} | ||
{|allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú;;ue;ua;uo | ɲ ŋ −vowel length lk −vowel length sk|} | {|allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú;;ue;ua;uo | ɲ ŋ −vowel length lk −vowel length sk|} | ||
{|! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}! colspan="1" |the agent of a transitive verb! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{ | {|! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}! colspan="1" |the agent of a transitive verb! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{geen|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}! style="width:90px;"{{green|possessive form}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}! style="width: 90px;"|{{green|plural possessive form}}! style="width: 90px; "||-! style="text-align: ce | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Naciorneuse a Lekmae Neîdoc. | Naciorneuse a Lekmae Neîdoc. | ||
\näkʝonëu̯s(ë) ʔä ɥexmä nëi̯dok\ | \näkʝonëu̯s(ë) ʔä ɥexmä nëi̯dok\ | ||
nacior neu -se | nacior neu -se aae- Lekmae neîdoc | ||
rom lang -be | rom lang -be ?- Lekmae be.not.3 | ||
is Lekmae a romlang? no, it's not. | is Lekmae a romlang? no, it's not. | ||
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they eat some-of this | they eat some-of this | ||
{|* 1: ʋɐk /uac* you (singular): 2ʋyː /uue* he: ɦäŋ /han* we: /uacen* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen* they: ɦiä /hia* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos* here: tocma /tcm* there: kkaema /aem* who: hhia,lhia /lia* what: kva /kva* where: kvime /kvm* when: kvatzuí /kvn* how: kvamuí /kvi* not: né /nei* all: àen /aen* many: àens /aens* some: de àen /duiaen* few: làes /leas* other: né daes /neidae* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa* two: tzue /dva* three: mal /mal* four: cut /cut* five: unal /hal* big: lhens* long: naelhens* wide: daesbala* thick: bala* heavy: né fie /neifias* small: nal* short: kul* narrow: tis /tsm* thin: kadtis* woman: lhúa /lua* man (adult male): lhúa /lua* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo* child: tisluo* mother: mâma /mam* father: dâda /dad* animal: tissor d tis* fish: fisker* bird: tofie /tfl* snake: lam* worm: hhom /orm* tree /bim* forest: bsk* stick: baunel /uncertain* fruit: fam /flm* seed: fam /sem* leaf: hhüo /lif* root: lád /lad* flower: uncertain /lili* grass: ladlil* rope: sinn /uncertain* skin: bäl /* meat: salk /slk* blood: salk* bone: lám * fat (noun): bét /fat* egg: ais* horn: kol /krn* tail: lámen /lam* feather: fie /fli* hair: tetr /khr* head: uncertain /cab* ear: olhen /orh* eye: ain /oin* nose: nis* mouth: uncertain /lif* tooth: tzann /fnc* tongue (organ): tzann /zau* fingernail: tzann /fau* foot: uncertain /bam* leg: uncertain /bam* knee: baim* hand: tec /tek* wing: fiem /fli* belly: mac* guts: mac * neck: nec* back: tzüc /ruc* breast: bec /fec* heart: kel /kor* liver: kel* to drink: sifel /drk* to eat: nem /nhm* to bite: tzaunel /tnf* to suck: sifel * to spit: nemel* to vomit: tue dae nems* to blow: bolel * to breathe: nesel /* to laugh: hrak /rch* to see: vis /ver* to hear: sanhel /oir* to know: caän* to think: canel /dik* to smell: nesel /uncertain* to fear: bai* to sleep: bei /slf* to live: súmel* to die: né súmel /meisumel* to kill: sral * to fight: sral /uncertain* to hunt: sral* to hit: láb /lfn* to cut: kul* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval* to stab: binn * to scratch: skilel* to dig: binn /nem* to swim: uncertain /sìm* to fly: uncertain /fei* to walk: salkel* to come: hhim /clm* to lie (as in a bed): lob* to sit: sidel /set* to stand: hrec /tnd* to turn (intransitive): silkel* to fall: feiel /fei* to give: duo* to hold: hrantel* to squeeze: tzecal* to rub: vask * to wash: vasker* to wipe: vaskel /vsk* to pull: tec* to push: tec,ffon* to throw: tue toc náe* to tie: ticel /bnd* to sew: ffinticel* to count: teltzif* to say: seu* to sing: séunel /seu* to play: bil /sfl* to float: lom /flt* to flow: ae /flt* to freeze: íelel /iel* to swell: rcol /uncertain* sun: hrá /uncertain* moon: daehrá /mun* star: lucz /trl* water: súm /sumi* rain: lein /rcn* river: léne /len* lake: léne /len* sea: léneen /len* salt: saltee* stone: shè /stn* sand: sahr /snd* dust: hroma*earth: thi /nulmaf* cloud: küt /sku* fog: küt /foc* sky: séo /sulmaf* wind: fendas /vnd* snow: nívas /snu* ice: íelen / | {|* 1: ʋɐk /uac* you (singular): 2ʋyː /uue* he: ɦäŋ /han* we: /uacen* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen* they: ɦiä /hia* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos* here: tocma /tcm* there: kkaema /aem* who: hhia,lhia /lia* what: kva /kva* where: kvime /kvm* when: kvatzuí /kvn* how: kvamuí /kvi* not: né /nei* all: àen /aen* many: àens /aens* some: de àen /duiaen* few: làes /leas* other: né daes /neidae* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa* two: tzue /dva* three: mal /mal* four: cut /cut* five: unal /hal* big: lhens* long: naelhens* wide: daesbala* thick: bala* heavy: né fie /neifias* small: nal* short: kul* narrow: tis /tsm* thin: kadtis* woman: lhúa /lua* man (adult male): lhúa /lua* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo* child: tisluo* mother: mâma /mam* father: dâda /dad* animal: tissor d tis* fish: fisker* bird: tofie /tfl* snake: lam* worm: hhom /orm* tree /bim* forest: bsk* stick: baunel /uncertain* fruit: fam /flm* seed: fam /sem* leaf: hhüo /lif* root: lád /lad* flower: uncertain /lili* grass: ladlil* rope: sinn /uncertain* skin: bäl /* meat: salk /slk* blood: salk* bone: lám * fat (noun): bét /fat* egg: ais* horn: kol /krn* tail: lámen /lam* feather: fie /fli* hair: tetr /khr* head: uncertain /cab* ear: olhen /orh* eye: ain /oin* nose: nis* mouth: uncertain /lif* tooth: tzann /fnc* tongue (organ): tzann /zau* fingernail: tzann /fau* foot: uncertain /bam* leg: uncertain /bam* knee: baim* hand: tec /tek* wing: fiem /fli* belly: mac* guts: mac * neck: nec* back: tzüc /ruc* breast: bec /fec* heart: kel /kor* liver: kel* to drink: sifel /drk* to eat: nem /nhm* to bite: tzaunel /tnf* to suck: sifel * to spit: nemel* to vomit: tue dae nems* to blow: bolel * to breathe: nesel /* to laugh: hrak /rch* to see: vis /ver* to hear: sanhel /oir* to know: caän* to think: canel /dik* to smell: nesel /uncertain* to fear: bai* to sleep: bei /slf* to live: súmel* to die: né súmel /meisumel* to kill: sral * to fight: sral /uncertain* to hunt: sral* to hit: láb /lfn* to cut: kul* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval* to stab: binn * to scratch: skilel* to dig: binn /nem* to swim: uncertain /sìm* to fly: uncertain /fei* to walk: salkel* to come: hhim /clm* to lie (as in a bed): lob* to sit: sidel /set* to stand: hrec /tnd* to turn (intransitive): silkel* to fall: feiel /fei* to give: duo* to hold: hrantel* to squeeze: tzecal* to rub: vask * to wash: vasker* to wipe: vaskel /vsk* to pull: tec* to push: tec,ffon* to throw: tue toc náe* to tie: ticel /bnd* to sew: ffinticel* to count: teltzif* to say: seu* to sing: séunel /seu* to play: bil /sfl* to float: lom /flt* to flow: ae /flt* to freeze: íelel /iel* to swell: rcol /uncertain* sun: hrá /uncertain* moon: daehrá /mun* star: lucz /trl* water: súm /sumi* rain: lein /rcn* river: léne /len* lake: léne /len* sea: léneen /len* salt: saltee* stone: shè /stn* sand: sahr /snd* dust: hroma*earth: thi /nulmaf* cloud: küt /sku* fog: küt /foc* sky: séo /sulmaf* wind: fendas /vnd* snow: nívas /snu* ice: íelen nter; "|uac/ʋɐk/| sac/sɐk/| nac/nɐk/| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]|uacs/ʔäks/|sacen/säːgen/,ncen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/| uacens/ʔäːgens/| I! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/| sue/syː/| nue/nyː/| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːn/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/| uuens/ʔyːens/| You! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/| sia/siä/| nia/niä/| hia/ɦiä/| hias/ɦiäs/| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/| hians/ɦiäns/| They (singular)! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}indicative form}}subjunctive form}}connective form}}{{blue|noun-like form}}{{blue|gloss}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}! style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/| ser/sel/| seat/seɦät/| sad/säːt/| selnd/selindɐ/| selnt/selint/| be! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/| bar/bäl/| baat/päɦät/| bad/päːt/| alnd/pälindɐ| balnt/pälint/| have! |tel/tel/| ter/tel/| teat/teɦät/| tad/täːt/| telnd/telindɐ/| telnt/telint/| hang,raiseféu /feo* fire: féu /feo* ash: daeféu* to burn: tocféu tue /feol* road: vei /vec* mountain: uncertain /mon* red: hrot /rod* : /crn* yellow: col /clb* white: hrát /vit black: dal /blc* night: dal /nkt* day: dis /dac* year: iálen /zuames* warm: nôk /vrm* cold: íels /chl* full: buk /ful* new: bil* old: né bil* good: hhim /bim* bad: né hhim* rotten: tocel nae* dirty: mud* straight: bim* round: kadbal* sharp (as a knife): dis * dull (as a knife): dos* smooth:: suːmmɯi /summui* dry: sekal /sek* correct: bim* near: tocmas* far: naema* right: hris /lkt* left: chol /lnk* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zuiin: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Lexics | Lexics | ||
/--/ | /--/ | ||
{| mam*mom mim mum mon miu mou mac miz muk mil mul maî*value mui*means máo*meow nam*to.name nac*to.1 nacmie*europant naciór*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat nüe*to.2 niskad nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house bosker*forest bah*brace diu doc*of.3 dol*fish dad*dad dek dil* wet dui*do.what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilkec aam*aim a d aae*is.it.true.for i d aie*tsk, a cite u d aue*of.where,of.there | {| mam*mom mim mum mon miu mou mac miz muk mil mul maî*value mui*means máo*meow nam*to.name nac*to.1 nacmie*europant naciór*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat nüe*to.2 niskad nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house bosker*forest bah*brace diu doc*of.3 dol*fish dad*dad dek dil* wet dui*do.what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilkec aam*aim a d aae*is.it.true.for i d aie*tsk, a cite u d aue*of.where,of.there aís*icy aal e d aee*accompanying.with o d aoe*compared.with, if den*keep deh*hang fui*made.from zil zul zah*nail zeica d zêc*sore tam tau*fang tal*string tin tax tic sel*be.by súmmi*water sul süe*you seh*be sud saf xan xul*up xai*why xei*what.who xui*how,where fam*fruits fun foù*fire kan*he.neuter kai*they. kalmê kum kat*hands kalkee hamsingular vad*what,who vie*why,how vaskae von*when,where rac*cross ril*lough len*wind lan*group lis*smile lea d lehhar*because lal*pilor lul*food léu*green iel*slope, wings ser*that.kind.|} | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||