Griutungi: Difference between revisions

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Griutungi (view source)

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→‎Key Differences Between Griutungi and the Biblical Gothic of Wulfila
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Aside from a slightly modified orthography, Griutungi also differs from “Biblical” or “Wulfilian” Gothic in several minor but important ways.
Aside from a slightly modified orthography, Griutungi also differs from “Biblical” or “Wulfilian” Gothic in several minor but important ways.


===Phonology===
====/nd/ vs. /nθ/====
* The Gothic third person plural and gerund ending ''–nd'' shows the variation ''–nþ'' in Griutungi. The ''–nþ'' ending also appears in the ordinal forms of some numbers where we would otherwise expect ''–nd'', e.g. ''njunþa'' ‘ninth’ instead of expected **''njunda''.
====Retention of Siever’s Law====
* Griutungi (and indeed even modern [[Valthungian]]) maintains the Siever’s Law distinction (i.e. the distinction between “long-stem” and “short-stem” roots) in the neuter of ja-stem nouns and adjectives. This distinction was retained in the masculine in Gothic, but was lost in the neuter. E.g. Compare Gothic ''stukkjis'', genitive of ''stukki'' ‘piece’ to Griutungi ''stukkīs''. This distinction can still be observed in Modern Valthungian in that these “long-forms” do not show palatalization; here, ''stȳkis'', whereas, if if were descended directly from the Gothic, we would find ''stȳčis''.
====Glide Retention====
Based on the later development of Verschärfung in words like ''rōgna'' ‘to row’ or ''sǣǧin'' ‘to sow’, it is likely that the long vowel lowering that Gothic underwent did not happen in the same way in the development of Griutungi, and that the latter must have retained a glide between stressed and unstressed vowels: e.g. Gothic ''rauan'', ''saian'' (/rɔ̄an/, /sɛ̄an/), but Griutungi ''rǭwan'', ''sǣjan'' (/rɔ̄wan/, /sɛ̄jan/).
===Pronouns===
* The most immediately noticeable difference between Gothic and Griutungi is the second person pronoun. Each has ''þu'' for the nominative, but the accusative and dative forms in Gothic replaced the vowel with the /u/ of the nominative (''þuk'' and ''þus'') while Griutungi retained the Germanic form (''þik'' and ''þis'').
* The most immediately noticeable difference between Gothic and Griutungi is the second person pronoun. Each has ''þu'' for the nominative, but the accusative and dative forms in Gothic replaced the vowel with the /u/ of the nominative (''þuk'' and ''þus'') while Griutungi retained the Germanic form (''þik'' and ''þis'').


===Verbs===
* Griutungi also retained the “short forms” of the anomalous verbs ''gangan'' and ''standan'', which either disappeared from Gothic entirely or were never used in any of the texts that have survived to our time.  Specifically, the verb ''gǣn'' ‘to go’ was used beside the long form ''gangan'' (Gothic ''gaggan''), and ''stǣn'' ‘to stand, to stay’ beside ''standan''. Griutungi also retained the verb ''dōn'' ‘to do’, which was usually expressed in Gothic by the verb ''taujan'' (Griutungi ''tǭjan'').
* Griutungi also retained the “short forms” of the anomalous verbs ''gangan'' and ''standan'', which either disappeared from Gothic entirely or were never used in any of the texts that have survived to our time.  Specifically, the verb ''gǣn'' ‘to go’ was used beside the long form ''gangan'' (Gothic ''gaggan''), and ''stǣn'' ‘to stand, to stay’ beside ''standan''. Griutungi also retained the verb ''dōn'' ‘to do’, which was usually expressed in Gothic by the verb ''taujan'' (Griutungi ''tǭjan'').


===Prepositions===
* The Germanic preposition ''tô'' remains in Griutungi as ''tō'', while in Gothic it inexplicably – despite several conflicting theories, all of which seem like a bit of a stretch – became ''du''; Griutungi seems to have also had ''du'', used in a benefactive sense, though it was likely borrowed from Gothic proper sometime in the fifth or sixth century while the two languages were still fairly mutually intelligible.
* The Germanic preposition ''tô'' remains in Griutungi as ''tō'', while in Gothic it inexplicably – despite several conflicting theories, all of which seem like a bit of a stretch – became ''du''; Griutungi seems to have also had ''du'', used in a benefactive sense, though it was likely borrowed from Gothic proper sometime in the fifth or sixth century while the two languages were still fairly mutually intelligible.


* The Gothic third person plural and gerund ending ''–nd'' shows the variation ''–nþ'' in Griutungi. The ''–nþ'' ending also appears in the ordinal forms of some numbers where we would otherwise expect ''–nd'', e.g. ''njunþa'' ‘ninth’ instead of expected **''njunda''.
===Nouns===
 
* Griutungi retains r/n alternation in certain heteroclitic nouns which only show /n/ in Gothic, e.g. ''fōr/funin'' ‘fire’ (Gothic ''fōn/funin''), ''watra/watna'' ‘water’ (Gothic ''wata/watna''), and otherwise unattested in Germanic, ''ǧikur/ǧikun'' ‘liver’.
* Griutungi (and indeed even modern [[Valthungian]]) maintains the Siever’s Law distinction (i.e. the distinction between “long-stem” and “short-stem” roots) in the neuter of ja-stem nouns. This distinction was retained in the masculine in Gothic, but was lost in the neuter. E.g. Compare Gothic ''stukkjis'', genitive of ''stukki'' ‘piece’ to Griutungi ''stukkīs''. This distinction can still be observed in Modern Valthungian in that these “long-forms” do not show palatalization; here, ''stȳkis'', whereas, if if were descended directly from the Gothic, we would find ''stȳčis''.


* Griutungi retains r/n alternation in certain heteroclitic nouns which only show /n/ in Gothic, e.g. ''fōr/funin'' ‘fire’ (Gothic ''fōn/funin''), ''watra/watna'' ‘water’ (Gothic ''wata/watna''), and otherwise unattested in Germanic, ''ǧikur/ǧikun'' ‘liver’.
* Several nouns show a difference in gender from their Gothic counterparts. Many of these differences may have occurred during later stages of the language, but some must necessarily have occurred before Gothic, such as retention of the feminine for ‘sun’ – ''sauil'' (n) in Gothic but ''sōwilō'' (f) in Griutungi.


===Adverbs===
* The final vowel is not reduced in adverbs formed with –''ba'' (from earlier Germanic ''bi''), resulting in Valthungian –''ve'' instead of the expected **''–f'', so Griutungi likely had –''bi'' in this position instead of –''ba''.
* The final vowel is not reduced in adverbs formed with –''ba'' (from earlier Germanic ''bi''), resulting in Valthungian –''ve'' instead of the expected **''–f'', so Griutungi likely had –''bi'' in this position instead of –''ba''.


===Differences Likely Due to Later Changes===
* The final –''t'' of the neuter interrogative pronoun (‘what’) was lost in Gothic, likely due to Coronal Consonant Deletion, but persists in [[Valthungian]], though it is likely that –''t'' was lost initially and then later added back from analogy with other neuter nominative and accusative pronouns, determiners, and adjectives (e.g. ''it'', ''þat'', ''hit'', ''gōðat'', &c.)
* The final –''t'' of the neuter interrogative pronoun (‘what’) was lost in Gothic, likely due to Coronal Consonant Deletion, but persists in [[Valthungian]], though it is likely that –''t'' was lost initially and then later added back from analogy with other neuter nominative and accusative pronouns, determiners, and adjectives (e.g. ''it'', ''þat'', ''hit'', ''gōðat'', &c.)


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