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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/> | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/> | ||
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/> | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/> | ||
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==Diachronics== | ==Diachronics== | ||
Hlou merged Proto-Hlou-Shum ''ai au'' with ''ei ou'' into ''ei au'' / | Hlou merged Proto-Hlou-Shum ''ai au'' with ''ei ou'' into ''ei au'' /əɨ əʊ/. Even ''i u'' in some open syllables turned into ''ei au''. | ||
Glottal stop finals (''-h'' in Schngellstein's spelling) come from Proto-Hlou-Shum final stops. | Glottal stop finals (''-h'' in Schngellstein's spelling) come from Proto-Hlou-Shum final stops. | ||
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===Standard=== | ===Standard=== | ||
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
Hlou has | Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels. | ||
a e i o u ä ö = /a e i o u ã~ɛ̃ õ/ | a e i ie o u ä ö = /a e i ɨ o u ã~ɛ̃ õ/ | ||
ah eh ih oh uh äh öh = /aʔ eʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones] | ah eh ih oh uh äh öh = /aʔ eʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones] | ||
ei | ei au äu = /əi əu əũ/ | ||
====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
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Hlou is analytic and SVO, and is head-initial: | Hlou is analytic and SVO, and is head-initial: | ||
:'''''Die Wug mpes Nän sein.''''' | :'''''Die Wug mpes Nän sein.''''' | ||
:/ | :/tɨ˧ wṳ˧ ᵐpʰe˨˦ nɛ̃˨˩ s̺əi˨˩/ | ||
:INDEF bird_species drink water PROG | :INDEF bird_species drink water PROG | ||
:''A wug is drinking water.'' | :''A wug is drinking water.'' | ||
:'''''Xan flog Dsied bis Tu Mäb.''''' | :'''''Xan flog Dsied bis Tu Mäb.''''' | ||
:/ʃa˨˩ flo̤˧ | :/ʃa˨˩ flo̤˧ ts̺ɨ˧˩ pi˨˦ tʰu˧mɛ̃˥˩/ | ||
:1SG have home in Tumhan | :1SG have home in Tumhan | ||
:''I live in Tumhan.'' | :''I live in Tumhan.'' | ||
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:''We speak about love and hate.'' | :''We speak about love and hate.'' | ||
:'''''Dahn mpfein so, ab dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.''''' | |||
:1PL love 3SG.A CONJ 1PL receive face 3SG.A PRES.PROG | |||
:''We love him so we are welcoming him.'' | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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*ob = vocative | *ob = vocative | ||
*weg = about | *weg = about | ||
* | *wi = away from | ||
*be = to | |||
*schon = ago | |||
===Auxiliaries=== | ===Auxiliaries=== | ||
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===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
*sein = present progressive | *sein = present progressive | ||
**Present progressive can also be formed by reduplicating the verb | |||
*hin = past | *hin = past | ||
*bei = future | *bei = future | ||
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*da = exclamatory | *da = exclamatory | ||
*eh = negative | *eh = negative | ||
* | *doh = prohibitive | ||
*los = inchoative | *los = inchoative | ||
*man = emphatic | *man = emphatic | ||
*wein = (literary) alas! | |||
**wein xan = woe is me | |||
===Conjunctions=== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
*an = and | *an = and | ||
* | *schaub = or (Finnish tai) | ||
* | *schweis = or (Finnish vai) | ||
*leid = but | *leid = but | ||
*von = relative clause | *von = relative clause | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
ein = definite article | ein = definite article | ||
wie = specific article | |||
die = indefinite article | die = indefinite article | ||
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:3SG.AN son two ten year_of_age | :3SG.AN son two ten year_of_age | ||
:He is 20 years old. | :He is 20 years old. | ||
==="The more... the more..."=== | |||
:X X SUBJ1, Y Y SUBJ2 | |||
:"The more SUBJ X's, the more SUBJ2 Y's." | |||
:'''''Xan eh zaun Wiß j'ein zu Treig Treig. Schmein schmein xan, wäud wäud xan läß.''''' | |||
:1SG NEG receive understanding from DEF INF happen happen. run run 1SG, become become 1SG fat. | |||
:''I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.'' | |||
===Schm-reduplication=== | ===Schm-reduplication=== | ||
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**''Schlähn'' 'tribe' < ''lähn'' 'three' | **''Schlähn'' 'tribe' < ''lähn'' 'three' | ||
**''Schlaub'' 'year' < ''Laub'' 'leaf' | **''Schlaub'' 'year' < ''Laub'' 'leaf' | ||
**''Schwiß'' 'plain' < '' | **''Schwiß'' 'plain' < ''biß'' 'flat' | ||
*PHS ''-ʔ'' (reflected by tone change) | *PHS ''-ʔ'' (reflected by tone change) | ||
**''-g'' > ''-d'': ''Lied'' 'art song' < ''lieg'' 'to tell a lie; (''obsolete'') to express' | **''-g'' > ''-d'': ''Lied'' 'art song' < ''lieg'' 'to tell a lie; (''obsolete'') to express' | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
Hlou vocabulary is mostly native. Many words can't be related to words in other Hlou-Shum languages, however. | |||
===Four-character phrases=== | |||
Hlou, like Chinese, has "4-character phrases". | |||
*''Ntzuh Vöhn Schraus Ndob'' 'the best laid schemes of mice and men often go awry' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man) | |||
*''Ndleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh'' 'opulent luxury' (lit. gold, gem, carmine, spice) | |||
==Poetry== | ==Poetry== | ||
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| | | | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
[ᵐpɸəi˨˩ | [ᵐpɸəi˨˩ ʍɨ˧ ʔəi˨˩ ⁿts̪ʰãʔ˥ ʔa˥˧ ts̺ʰu˥˩] | ||
[ləi˧˩ we˨˩ plə̃u˧ˀ˥ ʈa˨˩ ma˦˥ ɬu˥˩ vo˨˩ ʈɬi˨˩] | [ləi˧˩ we˨˩ plə̃u˧ˀ˥ ʈa˨˩ ma˦˥ ɬu˥˩ vo˨˩ ʈɬi˨˩] | ||
[vã˧˩ mləi˥˩ we̤˧ | [vã˧˩ mləi˥˩ we̤˧ tɨ˧ kləi˧ˀ˥ hi˨˩] | ||
[ɻəu˨˥ ʔəi˨˩ pɸeʔ˥ nu˨˩ ʂa˧ˀ˥ ʃi˨˩ tʰau˥˧ tɬʰu˥˩] | [ɻəu˨˥ ʔəi˨˩ pɸeʔ˥ nu˨˩ ʂa˧ˀ˥ ʃi˨˩ tʰau˥˧ tɬʰu˥˩] | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
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===Tower of Babel=== | ===Tower of Babel=== | ||
:''Bis Ndreib nin ein Xab dzeb flog die Ntzog an die zu Wes meib hin.'' | :''Bis Ndreib nin ein Xab dzeb flog die Ntzog an die zu Wes meib hin.'' | ||
:/pi˨˥ ᶯɖəi˥˧ ni˨˩ ʔəi˨˩ ʃa˦˥ ts̪e˥˧ flo̤˧ | :/pi˨˥ ᶯɖəi˥˧ ni˨˩ ʔəi˨˩ ʃa˦˥ ts̪e˥˧ flo̤˧ tɨ˧ ⁿts̪ʰo̤˧ ʔəu˨˥ tɨ˧ s̪u˧we˦˥ məi˥˧ hi˨˩/ | ||
:LOC time that DEF world whole have INDEF language CONJ INDEF VN speak common PAST | :LOC time that DEF world whole have INDEF language CONJ INDEF VN speak common PAST | ||
:Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. | :Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. | ||
:''Leid [bis Glied] zu Ndxub an ein Ndob Ndob | :''Leid [bis Glied] zu Ndxub an ein Ndob Ndob be Schnähn zug raug die Schwiß bis Xi-Na an [nlub man] drein hin.'' | ||
:/ləi˧˩ pi˨˥ | :/ləi˧˩ pi˨˥ klɨ˧˩ s̪u˧ⁿdʒu˥˧ ʔa˨˩ ʔəi˨˩ ⁿdo˦˥ⁿdo˦˥ wɨ˧ n̥ãʔ˩ s̪ṳ˧ ɻə̤u˧ tɨ˧ ʍi˧ˀ˥ pi˧˩ ʃi˧na˧ ʔəu˧˩ nlu˥˧ma˨˩ ʈəi˨˩ hi˨˩/ | ||
:but [as] VN move GEN DEF person person PREP east 3PL find INDEF plain PREP Shinar CONJ [settle] there PAST | :but [as] VN move GEN DEF person person PREP east 3PL find INDEF plain PREP Shinar CONJ [settle] there PAST | ||
:As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. | :As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. | ||
:''An ein Ndob Ndob tlau | :''An ein Ndob Ndob tlau be veß, "Ob bus Ngu an nlaß zug [schlög schlög] aus."'' | ||
:/ʔəu˨˥ ʔəi˨˩ ⁿdo˦˥ⁿdo˦˥ tɬʰəu˧ wiə˧ ve˧ˀ˥, "o˥˧ pu˧˩ ᵑɡu˧ ʔəu˧˩ nla˧ˀ˥ s̪ṳ˧ ɬõ̤˧ɬõ̤˧ ma˦˥"/ | :/ʔəu˨˥ ʔəi˨˩ ⁿdo˦˥ⁿdo˦˥ tɬʰəu˧ wiə˧ ve˧ˀ˥, "o˥˧ pu˧˩ ᵑɡu˧ ʔəu˧˩ nla˧ˀ˥ s̪ṳ˧ ɬõ̤˧ɬõ̤˧ ma˦˥"/ | ||
:CONJ DEF person person say PREP one_another, VOC make brick CONJ fire_ceramic 3PL [throughly] COHORT | :CONJ DEF person person say PREP one_another, VOC make brick CONJ fire_ceramic 3PL [throughly] COHORT | ||
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:''An zug tlau, "Ob ntsaus die Mbih nun dahn an bis ja die Nkloh von Schmauß [raug man] Ntse aus.'' | :''An zug tlau, "Ob ntsaus die Mbih nun dahn an bis ja die Nkloh von Schmauß [raug man] Ntse aus.'' | ||
:/ʔəu˧˩ s̪ṳ˧ tɬʰəu˧, "ʔo˥˧ ⁿts̺ʰəu˧˩ | :/ʔəu˧˩ s̪ṳ˧ tɬʰəu˧, "ʔo˥˧ ⁿts̺ʰəu˧˩ tɨ˧ ᵐbiʔ˥ nu˨˩ taʔ˩ ʔəu˧˩ pi˧˩ ʒa˧ tɨ˧ ᵑkʰloʔ˥ vo˨˩ m̥əu˧ˀ˥ ɻə̤u˧ma˨˩ ⁿts̺ʰe˧ ma˦˥/ | ||
:and 3PL say, VOC build INDEF city for 1PL and in it a tower REL top reach DEF sky COHORT | :and 3PL say, VOC build INDEF city for 1PL and in it a tower REL top reach DEF sky COHORT | ||
:And they said: "Come, let's build a city for ourselves and a tower in it, whose top would reach the sky. | :And they said: "Come, let's build a city for ourselves and a tower in it, whose top would reach the sky. | ||