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| name || namme || נאָמען || enw || שם || nama || {{C|נמה}} | | name || namme || נאָמען || enw || שם || nama || {{C|נמה}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Sophomore List == | |||
Mark Rosenfelder, in his ''Language Construction Kit'', has a list that comes after Swadesh, which he calls his "Sophomore List" | |||
=== Adjectives === | |||
; Numbers : zero; half; quarter; 6+ | |||
; Colors : blue, brown, dark, light | |||
==== Opposites ==== | |||
* beautiful; ugly | |||
* fast, slow | |||
* first, last | |||
* hard, soft | |||
* full, empty | |||
* smart, stupid | |||
* real, fake | |||
* upper, lower | |||
* expensive, cheap | |||
* sweet, sour | |||
* strong, weak | |||
* different, same | |||
; Swadesh forgot : young, hot, clean, wrong, rough, crooked | |||
; Emotions : glad, happy, sad, tired, angry, crazy | |||
; Character : sareful, lucky, smart, wise, foolish, healthy, sick | |||
; Value : important, interesting, boring, wonderful, strange | |||
; Abstractions : funny, easy, difficult, alone, free, normal, special, probable, secret | |||
=== Nouns === | |||
; Natural substances : air, glass, iron, gold, silver | |||
; Territory : nature, world, land | |||
; Time: week, month, yesterday, today, tomorrow, morning, afternoon | |||
; Season : spring, summer, fall, winter | |||
; Geographical : hill, farm, field, island | |||
; Body Parts : body, lip, breast, butt, muscle, brain | |||
; Animals : cat, cow, chicken, horse, pig, mouse, monkey, lion, bug, wolf | |||
; Plants : grain, bread, branch | |||
; People : girl, boy, girlfriend, boyfriend, friend, baby | |||
; Family : family, sister, brother, son, daughter | |||
; Hierarchy : king, boss, leader, servant | |||
; Religion : god, devil, temple, holy, evil, soul, sin | |||
; Settlement : city, street, tavern | |||
; Houses : house, room, wall, window, door | |||
; Furniture : table, chair, bed, corner | |||
; School : school, university, class, lesson, teacher, test | |||
; Dining : food, lunch, dinner, wine, milk | |||
; Clothing : clothes, pants, dress, shoe, hat | |||
; Technology : machine, tool, boat, clock, key, net, wagon, wheel, wire | |||
; Containers : box, bag, bottle, cup, plate, knife | |||
; Avocations : music, art, science, vacation, picture, game | |||
; Language : language; word, book, pen, paper, page | |||
; Abstract : idea, message, story, symbol, example | |||
; Analysis : system , list, event, reason, fact, space, time, map | |||
; Money : money, price, worth, debt, shop | |||
; Respect : honor, shame | |||
; Politics : war, peace, sword, government, law, council, tax, prison, minister | |||
=== Verbs === | |||
; Life and Death : be seem born | |||
; Everyday : work, wake, dream, cook, use, grow | |||
; Writing : write, read, translate, create, study, learn, copy | |||
; Affection : love, hate, like, care, want, wish, marry | |||
; Knowledge : understand, believe, doubt, expect, remember, forget | |||
; Emotions : hope, worry, regret, surprise | |||
; Modals : can, must, should | |||
; Aspect : begin, finish, intend to do, habitually do | |||
; Abstractions : cause, mean, measure, place | |||
; Shapes : square, circle, line, edge, side | |||
: Perceptions : touch, taste | |||
; Speech Acts : answer, ask, thank, greet, lie, joke, call, offer, choose | |||
; Movements : leave, go, follow, hide, run, roll | |||
; Bodily : dance, kiss, smile, cry, point | |||
; Conflict : annoy, hurt, crime, destroy, trick | |||
; Society : allow, meet, help | |||
; Manipulations : put, take, have, build, fold, add | |||
; Acquisitions : buy, sell, need, get, lose, search, find, trade, keep | |||
; Containers : open, close, cover | |||
=== Grammar === | |||
; Conjunctions : but or though until | |||
; Prepositions : toward, for, without, against, on, about behind across over under | |||
; Adverbs : perhaps, indeed, thus | |||
; Time : now, then, again, next | |||
; Degree : very, too, enough | |||
=== Courtesy === | |||
please, thank you, you're welcome, welcome to, hello, goodbye, yes, no | |||
=== Modern === | |||
; Air : airport, airplane | |||
; Cars : car, bus, license, gas station, motor, taxi, truck, gasoline | |||
; Other : bicycle, railroad, train station, subway, spaceship | |||
; Computer : computer, disc, chip, CPU | |||
; Accessories : DVD, hard drive, keyboard, mouse, monitor | |||
; Programs : program, game, word processor, compiler | |||
; Internet : internet, email, web, website, download, browser, blog, post, flame, lurker, newb, chat | |||
; Disciplines : physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, magneticism, mathematics | |||
; Physics : atom, molecule, energy, nuclear, particle, photon, proton, neutron | |||
; Biology : cell, evolution, gene | |||
; Substance : plastic | |||
; Appliance : stove, sink, dishwasher, refrigerator, washer, dryer, furnace, AC | |||
; Film : camera, film, photo, movie/video, animation, theater | |||
; Recording : CD, record, tape, stereo | |||
; Weaponry : gun, rifle, tank, infantry, cavalry, artillery, bomb | |||
; Office : copier, typewriter, scanner | |||
; Media : newspaper, magazine, telephone, television, radio, comic | |||
; Other : elevator, laser, light bulb, watch | |||
; Measures : pound, foot, mile, ounce, cup, gram, kg, meter, km, ml, l | |||
; Lifestyle : lifestyle, ATM, suburb | |||
; Jobs : secretary, babysitter, bureaucrat, manager | |||
; Education : college, degree, masters, Ph.D | |||
; Economy : economy, banknote, credit card, dollar, euro, expenses, income, inflation, standard of living, unemployed, union, welfare, yen, yuan, won, taxes | |||
; Avocations : chess, rock, soccer, cigarette, drugs | |||
; Clothing : bikini, bra, jeans, T-shirt, lipstick | |||
; Health : AIDS/HIV, allergy, addict, antibiotics, bacteria, vaccine, virus, vitamin | |||
; Food : candy, hamburger, hot dog, pizza, sushi, taco, tofu, tomato | |||
; Belief : communism, socialism, fascism, republic, democracy, Green, human rights, liberal, conservative | |||
; Position : president, prime minister, representative, parliament, council, dictator, party | |||
; Religions : Islam, Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism | |||
=== Place Names === | |||
''These are for place names, not the words themselves'' | |||
==== Geography ==== | |||
; Plains : plain, savannah, meadow - {{C|מוידה}}, field, prairie | |||
; Forest : forest, woods, grove, copse | |||
; Hills: hill - {{C|אשטה}}, down, mountain, range, plateau, crest, peak | |||
; Valley : valley, canyon, cliff | |||
; Harsh : marsh, swamp, desert, wilderness, jungle | |||
; Rivers : river - {{C|אבון}}, stream, brook, channel, rapids, portage, source – {{C|בלינה}} (headwaters), confluence, delta - {{C|אברה}}, bank, waterfall, spring | |||
; Lake : lake, pond | |||
; Sea : sea, ocean, bay, strait | |||
; Coastline : coast, beach, peninsula, cape, point | |||
; Island : island, archipelago, atoll | |||
; Local : rock, tree, bridge, ford, dam, park, oasis | |||
; Tree : aspen, birch, cedar, elm, oak, palm, pine, willow | |||
==== Human ==== | |||
; Settlements : city, town, village, colony, port, market, capital | |||
; Military : fort - {{C|קירה}}, castle, wall, camp | |||
; Religion : shrine, oracle, temple, church, chapel - {{C|בדהוסה}}, monastery | |||
; Other : mine, inn, stopping-point, post, lodge, mill, house | |||
; Road : road, highway, trail, way | |||
==== Adjectives ==== | |||
; Age: new, old | |||
; Shapes : round, flat, wide, narrow, high, low | |||
; Locations : central, upper, lower, near, far | |||
; Directions : north, south, east, west | |||
; Respect : great, grand, glorious, noble, holy, royal | |||
; Salesmanship : fertile, beautiful, lucky, pleasant, quiet, gold, silver, jewel | |||
; Descriptive : windy, stinky | |||
; Color : white - {{C|והית}} , black - {{C|חורת}} , green - {{C|גרון}} , yellow - {{C|גל}} , blue - {{C|בלו}} , red - {{C|רהוד}} , orange - {{C|אורנג}} , brown - {{C|ברון}} | |||
; Water : fast, slow, clear, muddy, noisy, laughing, reedy | |||
; Animals : horse, ox, lion, fox, deer, panther, hawk, eagle, dragon, ram | |||
== Leipzig-Jakarta == | == Leipzig-Jakarta == | ||