Yrkyr: Difference between revisions

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Yrkyr (view source)

Revision as of 08:55, 27 June 2019

3,062 bytes added ,  27 June 2019
→‎Nominal morphology
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Yrharain has two nominal declensions based on [[w:Animacy|animacy]]: animate and inanimate. Each declension has its own set of case markings. Most animals, people, some weather fenomena like thunder, and supernatural entities are animate, while most non-living things, insects, abstract and collective nouns, plants, and sky/weather features are inanimate. Animate nouns typically take the ergative case, while inanimate - either absolutive or instrumental cases, when two are present in a sentence, regardless of their actual role as a subject and an object.
Yrharain has two nominal declensions based on [[w:Animacy|animacy]]: animate and inanimate. Each declension has its own set of case markings. Most animals, people, some weather fenomena like thunder, and supernatural entities are animate, while most non-living things, insects, abstract and collective nouns, plants, and sky/weather features are inanimate. Animate nouns typically take the ergative case, while inanimate - either absolutive or instrumental cases, when two are present in a sentence, regardless of their actual role as a subject and an object.


Nominals are inflected for seven cases and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Any animate noun can take dual number, while only naturally paired inanimate nouns can take it. The rest usually take plural. Mass nouns do not have plurals but new nouns can be derived from them by attaching a plural marker. They would still be declined as singular ones, while the plural marker becomes a suffix. This process is called [[w:Suffixaufnahme|suffixaufnahme]]. It can also occure with genitive and dative markers, which become suffixes and can receive new endings. For example, ''toj'' - "side", ''tojiha'' "sideways" (of the side), become ''tojihka'' "to the side", ''tojihcan'' "suddenly" (out from the side).
Nominals are inflected for seven cases and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Any animate noun can take dual number, while only naturally paired inanimate nouns can take it. The rest usually take plural. Reduplication is a non-productive element of derivation. It is occasionally used to indicate a collective group. Mass nouns do not have plurals but new nouns can be derived from them by attaching a plural marker. They would still be declined as singular ones, while the plural marker becomes a suffix. This process is called [[w:Suffixaufnahme|suffixaufnahme]]. It can also occure with genitive and dative markers, which become suffixes and can receive new endings. For example, ''toj'' - "side", ''tojiha'' "sideways" (of the side), become ''tojihka'' "to the side", ''tojihcan'' "suddenly" (out from the side).
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Case endings
|+ Case endings
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|-
|-
|}
|}
Nominal compounding was relatively rare but becomes more common and is generally used to refer to new elements and terms introduced by the Mtari people, for example: ''kʷottyš'' - "glass" ("ice stone" from ''kʷor'' "ice" and ''tyš'' "stone"). However, when a Mtari word is short and easy to pronounce, it would be used instead, like ''tarot'' "money" from Mtari ''dareot''. Glass is ''pkraˁ'' in Mtari, which is very difficult to pronounce for a native Yrkyr speaker.
===Derivational morphology===
Yrkyr has a rather comlicated system of vowel and consonant alterations, which arose from various vowel contractions and consonant changes in clusters that formed afterwards. The system, depsite being very old, is still mostly productive and new words can be created using it. Traces of it are thought to have been present already in Proto-Yrharian.
Most common derivation types are listed in the table below. Stress is marked with an acute accent above a vowel.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Derivation types
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Reduction
! style="text-align: center;" | Full vowel
! style="text-align: center;" | ''-aha-'' infix
! style="text-align: center;" | ''-w-'' infix
|-
! jýr || háhr || hássar || wutýr
|-
| Yrharian || person || village || people
|-
! ewýn || éxʷa- || éxʷahan || k-exun
|-
| stream || to drag || sledge || wheel
|-"
! ásna || ocán || ocanáhr || okʷín
|-
| tree || wood || forest || storage
|-
|}
===Pronominal morphology===
Yrkyr has no separate personal pronouns, like English "I" or "you", instead this information is incoded in verbs by using person markers. There is no separate pronoun class either - Yrkyr uses a special set of pronominal clitics that are attached to nouns in order to make a full pronoun. Those are called correlative clitics, some of which are present below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronominal clitics
|-
! colspan=3 | Indefinite || colspan=3 | Demonstrative || colspan=3 | Other
|-
! negative
| ŋa-
| no
! proximal
| taskʷ-
| this (near me)
! relative
| te-
| who/which
|-
! distributive
| nu-
| each
! medioproximal
| tat-
| that (near you)
! interrogative
| kʷo-
| who?/what?
|-
! elective
| je-
| any
! mesiodistal
| čit-
| that (not far)
! [[w:Inalienable possession|inalienable possessive]]*
| ja-
| my, your etc.
|-
! alternative
| kʷi-
| other
! distal
| tukʷ-
| that (far)
|}
*Inalienable possessive marker can be used either with or without a possessive marker, depending on the context. For example, one can say ''jatese wakynne'' "his/her eyes are blue", when he/she is a new topic, but ''jates wakynne'' when it is known from the context, which person is being talked about.
The most common nouns used with these prefixes are ''tlat'' "place, location", ''to'' "side", ''ne'' "way", ''šon'' "time, occasion", hahr "person". However, the prefixes may be used with any noun, so a large number of pronouns can be created this way.


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[[Category:Languages]]
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