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| {{Infobox language family | | {{Infobox language family |
| | setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] | | | setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] |
| | region = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide | | | creator = User:IlL |
| | | region = Txapoalli, Talma, Etalocin; today worldwide |
| | name = Quame | | | name = Quame |
| | | altname = Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman, Northwestern |
| | familycolor = Quame | | | familycolor = Quame |
| | family = One of Tricin's primary language families | | | family = One of Tricin's primary language families |
| | protoname = [[Proto-Quame]] | | | protoname = [[Proto-Quame]] |
| | child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
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| | child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
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| | child3 = [[Sjowaazhic languages|Sjowaazhic]]?
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| }} | | }} |
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| The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm-'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of [[Sowaár]] to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established. | | The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman''', are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of other languages to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established. |
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| | The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia|Dodellia]]). Proto-Quame was spoken 3000 years ago. |
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| | Proto-Quame phonology is inspired by classical IE languages (esp. Greek and Proto-Celtic) and Tsez. |
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| ==Family tree== | | ==Family tree== |
| {{clade
| | * Quame |
| |label1=Proto-Quame
| | ** [[Talmic languages]] |
| |1={{clade
| | ** [[Roshterian]] |
| |label1=Proto-[[Talmic]]
| | ** [[Nurian]] |
| |1={{clade
| | ** [[Naquian]] |
| |label1=[[Thensarian]]
| | ** [[Wiobian]] |
| |1={{clade
| | ** [[Aevehāne]] |
| |label1=[[Tigol]]
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| |1={{clade
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| |label1=West Tigolic
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| |1={{clade
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| |1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin)
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| |2=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean)
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| |3=[[Páuluòbeng]]
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| }}
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| |label2=East Tigolic
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| |2={{clade
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| |1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh)
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| |2=[[Loðagese]]
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| |3=[[Vornian]]
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| }}
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| }}
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| |label2=
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| |2={{clade
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| |1=[[Nurian]]
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| }}
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| |3=[[Qazhrian]]
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| }}
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| |label2=[[Old Roshterian]]
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| |2={{clade
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| |1=[[Roshterian]]
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| }}
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| }}
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| |label2=[[Naquian]]
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| |2={{clade
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| |1=[[Tizian]]
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| |2=[[Atzopic]]
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| |3=[[Whetmer]]
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| }}
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| |label3=
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| |3=[[Aewedanoan]]
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| }}
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| }}
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| ==Overview==
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| Urheimat: Txapoalli
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
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| ! rowspan="2" |Labial | | ! rowspan="2" |Labial |
| ! rowspan="2" |Dental | | ! rowspan="2" |Dental |
| ! rowspan="2" |Retroflex | | ! rowspan="2" |Alveolar |
| ! rowspan="2" |Palatal | | ! rowspan="2" |Palatal |
| ! colspan="2" |Velar | | ! colspan="2" |Velar |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive | | ! rowspan="3" |Plosive |
| ! |<small>plain</small> | | ! |<small>plain (asp.)</small> |
| | '''*p''' | | | |
| | '''*t''' | | | '''*t''' |
| | '''*ṭ''' | | | '''*T''' |
| | | | | |
| | '''*k''' | | | '''*k''' |
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| | '''*q''' | | | '''*q''' |
| | '''*qʷ''' | | | '''*qʷ''' |
| | '''*ʔ''' | | | '''*{{aleph}}''' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! |<small>ejective</small> | | ! |<small>ejective</small> |
| | '''*pʼ''' | | | |
| | '''*tʼ''' | | | '''*tʼ''' |
| | '''*ṭʼ''' | | | '''*Tʼ''' |
| | | | | |
| | '''*kʼ''' | | | '''*kʼ''' |
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| | '''*b''' | | | '''*b''' |
| | '''*d''' | | | '''*d''' |
| | '''*ḍ''' | | | '''*D''' |
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| | '''*g''' | | | '''*g''' |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative | | ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative |
| | | '''*φ''' |
| | | '''*s''' |
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| | '''*s'''
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| | '''*h'''
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| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" |Resonant | | ! colspan="2" |Resonant |
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| ===Phonotactics=== | | ===Phonotactics=== |
| all open syllables like polynesian?
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| Rules: | | Rules: |
| *Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants. | | *Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants. |
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| ==Grammar== | | ==Grammar== |
| ===Typology=== | | ===Typology=== |
| The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
| | No case, number + classifier marking articles, clusivity (very un-IE) |
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| Proto-Quame roots were monosyllabic and obeyed the sonority hierarchy.
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ====Nom/Acc====
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| X = some laryngeal
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| V = some vowel
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| *nā = I (Tal./Nqu. ''nā'')
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| *wey(-r) = thou (Thn. ''veir'', Nqu. ''uī'')
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| *kā(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. ''cām'', Nqu. ''txā'')
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| *gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. ''gonti'', Nqu. ''quon'')
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| *sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. ''senci'', Nqu. ''sen'')
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| ====Genitive====
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| *χ, nχ = my (Thn. ''-na'', ''-a''; Nqu. ''a''; Sjo. ''kha'')
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| *something with ''r'' = thy; (Thn. ''-r''; Nqu. ''ir'')
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| *smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'')
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| *sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'')
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| *dkoX (?) = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō''? using dk > tł)
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| ====Demonstratives====
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| *m- = proximal, this, here
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| *kw- = distal, that, there
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| *ta- = what, who
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| **t(a)Xs = what (Thn. ''tās'')
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| ===Ablaut===
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| Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
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| Functions of ablaut
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| *Noun inflections
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| *Verb inflections
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| *Verb voices
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| *Deriving nouns and verbs
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| Ablaut grades
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| *''o''-grade: present tense
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| *''a''-grade: derived nouns
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| *''e''-grade: preterite tense
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| *''∅''-grade: derivations
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| *lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
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| ===Nominals===
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| Nouns and adjectives had:
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| * two genders: animate, inanimate.
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| ** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
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| * two states: absolute and construct.
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| * three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive.
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| * two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
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| Some nouns had plurals in a different ablaut grade.
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| Possible declensions:
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| *a-stems
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| *x̌-stems
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| *i-stems
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| *u-stems
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| *consonant stems
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| *heteroclitic stems: r/s
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| ====Animate nouns====
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| =====a-stems=====
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| {{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom||δoeroes|δoerot||δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|-|δoerōs|}}
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| =====Consonant stems=====
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| {{Thensarian-n-decl|means=tree|māram||mārīs|mārae||mārini|māria|''-''|māribos|mārebim|''-''|māroes|}}
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| =====i-stems=====
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| =====u-stems=====
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| =====x̌-stems (honorific stems)=====
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| =====r/s-stems=====
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| ====Inanimate nouns====
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| =====Heteroclitic stems=====
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| =====a-stems=====
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| {{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom|δeδoerom|δoeroes|δoerot|δeδoerot|δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|''-''|''-''|}}
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| =====Consonant stems=====
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| jénaqws 'water'
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| =====i-stems=====
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| ''welís'' 'name'
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| =====u-stems=====
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| =====r/s-stems=====
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
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| *Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
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| *Aspects: present, preterite, stative
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| *Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
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| *Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
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| ====Stative conjugation====
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| -dei, -woi, -φm, -φi, -φs, -mer, -nter, -kʷer, -ber
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| ====Active conjugation====
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| -ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷe, -ti
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| ==References== | | OVS; focus prominent; Wackernagel clitics |
| {{reflist}}
| | === Classifiers === |
| | *qon, pl. stē = animates (humans, more "animate" animals like pets) |
| | *ṭēn, pl. yes = honorific form of ne |
| | *kwon, pl. φrī = organisms not viewed as sentient: plants, fungi, "lower" animals, pests |
| | *φās, pl. nē = generic inanimates |
| | *smār, pl. smin = tiny, point-like objects; mass nouns |
| | *oyr, pl. φal = long, thin objects |
| | *φū, pl. zoy = flat sheets |
| | *gī, pl. krūh = food items |
| | *rāw, pl. sya = abstractions; intellectual works such as art, books, ... |
| | *kmāh, pl. lū = manmade structures: houses, buildings, cities; tools |
| | ** Units of measurement do not take classifiers with numerals. |
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| | ==Derivational morphology== |
| | * ''-sa'': "Caland" suffix |
| | * Compounding (head-final) |
| [[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]] | | [[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]] |
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| [[Category:Language families|Q]] | | [[Category:Language families|Q]] |