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Ahāmatya: Difference between revisions
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==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time (strictly speaking, deixis), mood, voice, and person. Aspect and time combine to yield | Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time (strictly speaking, deixis), mood, voice, and person. Aspect and time combine to yield eight tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs. | ||
The constituent skeleton of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following: | The constituent skeleton of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following: | ||
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'''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context, and is marked by '''augmenting''' the root vowel of the verb. | '''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context, and is marked by '''augmenting''' the root vowel of the verb. | ||
Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, marked by '''-n-''' indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time, marked by '''-t-''', indicating actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix '''le-''', itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense. | Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, marked by '''-n-''' indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time, marked by '''-t-''', indicating actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix '''le-''', itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense. Additionally, there exists a '''Gnomic''', or "timeless", time, which is used in concert with aspect to indicate general truths or aphorisms independent of a contextual time. Verbs in the gnomic are unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''. | ||
* The '''Imperfective Gnomic Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action independent of time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and gnomic time. | |||
* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time. | * The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time. | ||
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* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. | * The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. | ||
* The '''Perfect Gnomic Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action independent of time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and gnomic time. | |||
* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time. | * The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+'''Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"''' | |+'''Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"''' | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''n-''' → ''ma'''''n'''''d-'' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''n-''' → ''ma'''''n'''''d-'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''t-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''t-''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''∅-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-'' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-'' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-''' | ||
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|+'''Tense, Mood Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"''' | |+'''Tense, Mood Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"''' | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''a-'''<br>''mat'''''ra-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-'''<br>''mand'''''ra-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-'''<br>''mand'''''ra-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-'''<br>''matt'''''ura-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-'''<br>''matt'''''ura-''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amat'''''a-'''<br>''amat'''''ra-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-'''<br>''amand'''''ra-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-'''<br>''amand'''''ra-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-'''<br>''amatt'''''ura-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-'''<br>''amatt'''''ura-''' | ||
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|+'''Tense, Mood, Voice Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"''' | |+'''Tense, Mood, Voice Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"''' | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | | ||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time | ! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time | ||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mata'''''∅-''' <br> ''matra'''''∅-''' <br> <br> ''mata'''''hri-''' <br> ''matra'''''hri-''' <br> <br> ''mat'''''ehba-''' <br> ''matr'''''ehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manda'''''∅-''' <br> ''mandra'''''∅-''' <br> <br> ''manda'''''hri-''' <br> ''mandra'''''hri-''' <br> <br> ''mand'''''ehba-''' <br> ''mandr'''''ehba-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''manda'''''∅-''' <br> ''mandra'''''∅-''' <br> <br> ''manda'''''hri-''' <br> ''mandra'''''hri-''' <br> <br> ''mand'''''ehba-''' <br> ''mandr'''''ehba-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matta'''''∅-''' <br> ''mattura'''''∅-''' <br> <br> ''matta'''''hri-''' <br> ''mattura'''''hri-''' <br> <br> ''matt'''''ehba-''' <br> ''mattur'''''ehba-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''matta'''''∅-''' <br> ''mattura'''''∅-''' <br> <br> ''matta'''''hri-''' <br> ''mattura'''''hri-''' <br> <br> ''matt'''''ehba-''' <br> ''mattur'''''ehba-''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | ! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amata'''''∅-''' <br> ''amatra'''''∅-''' <br> <br> ''amata'''''hri-''' <br> ''amatra'''''hri-''' <br> <br> ''amat'''''ehba-''' <br> ''amatr'''''ehba-''' | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amanda'''''∅-''' <br> ''amandra'''''∅-''' <br> <br> ''amanda'''''hri-''' <br> ''amandra'''''hri-''' <br> <br> ''amand'''''ehba-''' <br> ''amandr'''''ehba-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''amanda'''''∅-''' <br> ''amandra'''''∅-''' <br> <br> ''amanda'''''hri-''' <br> ''amandra'''''hri-''' <br> <br> ''amand'''''ehba-''' <br> ''amandr'''''ehba-''' | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatta'''''∅-''' <br> ''amattura'''''∅-''' <br> <br> ''amatta'''''hri-''' <br> ''amattura'''''hri-''' <br> <br> ''amatt'''''ehba-''' <br> ''amattur'''''ehba-''' | | style="text-align: center;" | ''amatta'''''∅-''' <br> ''amattura'''''∅-''' <br> <br> ''amatta'''''hri-''' <br> ''amattura'''''hri-''' <br> <br> ''amatt'''''ehba-''' <br> ''amattur'''''ehba-''' | ||
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===Conjugation=== | ===Conjugation=== | ||
Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for three grammatical persons. The forms of the person marking are dependent on the aspect and transitivity of the verb, the rules governing sound change notwithstanding. | Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for three grammatical persons. The forms of the person marking are dependent on the aspect and transitivity of the verb, the rules governing sound change notwithstanding. Person conjugation for the gnomic tenses are unique, and are thus presented separately. | ||
====Imperfective Endings==== | ====Imperfective Endings==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Gnomic Endings==== | |||
===Verb Forms=== | ===Verb Forms=== | ||