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Teivo: Difference between revisions
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==Morphology== | |||
The Teivo language is classified as having two major classes, substantives (nouns and pronouns) and verbs, with one minor class consisting of particles. Adjectives behave exactly like verbs, while adverbs are similar to verbs or can be classified as a separate category, depending on the analysis. Agreement morphology is extensive in Teivo and agreement morphemes are often polysemous, i.e. animacy and number (in nouns) or person and number (in verbs) are indicated within the same affix, often fused completely to the root (usually in case of nouns). Sometimes nouns are inflected for animacy (either animate or inanimate), but it is not always compulsory. Verbs are inflected to match the animacy of its arguments. Animacy is a separate grammatical construct for noun classification, but unlike in Proto-Moran, in Teivo it doesn't play a major role in noun inflection. The animacy classification is similar to the one of [[Yrharian languages]] and may have formed due to an ancient [[w:Sprachbund|sprachbund]] between these families in a distant past. | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
Noun classes are split based on [[w:Grammatical gender|grammatical gender]] into two categories: animate and inanimate. Additionally, all nouns must be marked for their number (singular, dual, paucal or plural). Noun declension patterns are shown in the table below: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="5" |Animate | |||
! rowspan="5" | | |||
! colspan="4" |Innimate | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
|Singular | |||
|Dual | |||
|Paucal | |||
|Plural | |||
|Singular | |||
|Dual | |||
|Paucal | |||
|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!Direct | |||
| ''-i'' | |||
| ''-vi'' | |||
| ''-ci'' | |||
| ''-tu'' | |||
| — | |||
| ''-ve'' | |||
| ''-cie'' | |||
| ''-tu'' | |||
|- | |||
!Indirect | |||
| ''-o'' | |||
| ''-(v)o'' | |||
| ''-cio'' | |||
| ''-tto'' | |||
| ''-e'' | |||
| ''-(v)o'' | |||
| ''-cce'' | |||
| ''-(i)ute'' | |||
|- | |||
!Locative | |||
| ''-u'' | |||
| ''-u'' | |||
| ''-iciu'' | |||
| ''-itu'' | |||
| ''-iu'' | |||
| ''-io'' | |||
| ''-icio'' | |||
| ''-ito'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
The direct form of nouns is used to mark subject and direct object (for transitive verbs), while indirect form is used for indrect object, if it's present in the sentence. Locative form is used to mark locations and directions and are typically turned into verbs or adverbs by attaching the adverbial marker ''-ia'' to a noun stem. | |||
When a sentence contains two or more particular animate gender nouns as arguments proximate and obviative 3rd person markings are used to disambiguate instead of the direct marking. The further obviate is rarely used to mark even less salient referent. When an obviate person is the subject of a sentence - an inverse marking is used on a verb. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Proximate | |||
| —/''-i'' | |||
|- | |||
! Obviate | |||
| ''-ea'' | |||
|- | |||
! Further Obviate | |||
| ''-(i)na'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
If all nouns in the sentence are inanimate, then the verb must be inflected as having an unspecified subject. Inanimate nouns may use instrumental marker ''-re/-r-'', which is similar to prepositions "with" and "by" in English. Animate nouns can only use the commitative marker ''-va'', but its meaning is different. | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
There are four main types of verbs: impersonal (no determinate subject), intransitive (one subject only), transitive (both subject and direct object), ditransitive (one subject and two objects). Not every verb can belong to all types, some (like ''unuara'' "to sleep") belong only to one type (in this case - intransitive). | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||