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Teivo: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
There are four main types of verbs: impersonal (no determinate subject), intransitive (one subject only), transitive (both subject and direct object), ditransitive (one subject and two objects). Not every verb can belong to all types, some (like ''unuara'' "to sleep") belong only to one type (in this case - intransitive). | There are four main types of verbs: impersonal (no determinate subject), intransitive (one subject only), transitive (both subject and direct object), ditransitive (one subject and two objects). Not every verb can belong to all types, some (like ''unuara'' "to sleep") belong only to one type (in this case - intransitive). | ||
*'''Impersonal''' or [[w:Avalency|avalent]] verbs are used in sentences with no determinate subject or if both the agent and the patient are inanimate, so neither can be a subject of such a sentence. | *'''Impersonal''' or [[w:Avalency|avalent]] verbs are used in sentences with no determinate subject or if both the agent and the patient are inanimate, so neither can be a subject of such a sentence. An impersonal marker ''-e'' is put after a stem to make a verb avalent. | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
|Oqaakaieci | |Oqaakaieci | ||
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|kervecie | |kervecie | ||
|- | |- | ||
|O-qaa- | |O-qaa-u-k-ai-eci | ||
|nac-r-e | |nac-r-e | ||
|kerve-cie | |kerve-cie | ||
|- | |- | ||
|already-cut-CPL-PERF-IMPRS.PL | |already-cut-INTR-CPL-PERF-IMPRS.PL | ||
|axe-INS-INAN.SG | |axe-INS-INAN.SG | ||
|branch-INAN.PAU | |branch-INAN.PAU | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |||
*'''Intransitiive''' verbs have no direct object. Person suffixes are attached to the stem of these verbs. In order to turn a transitive verb into intransitive (or impersonal), a suffix ''-u'' is added next to the root, however some verbs do not take this suffix. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Intransitive verb | |||
|- | |||
!''unuara'' - to sleep | |||
!Marking | |||
!Example | |||
|- | |||
!1<sup>st</sup> singular | |||
|-i | |||
|''unui'' | |||
|- | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup> singular | |||
|-u | |||
|''unuu'' | |||
|- | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup> singular | |||
|-a | |||
|''unua'' | |||
|- | |||
!1<sup>st</sup> dual | |||
|-iva | |||
|''unuiva'' | |||
|- | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup> dual | |||
|-ua | |||
|''unuua'' | |||
|- | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup> dual | |||
|-evi | |||
|''unuevi'' | |||
|- | |||
!1<sup>st</sup> plural | |||
|-era | |||
|''unuera'' | |||
|- | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup> plural | |||
|-onna | |||
|''unuonna'' | |||
|- | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup> plural | |||
|-eci | |||
|''unueci'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
*'''Transitive''' verbs accept one object. Most Teivo verbs are transitive by default, but a suffix ''-t'' is added to some intransitive verbs in order to make them transitive. The suffix probably comes from the causative suffix ''-tun''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Transitive verb | |||
|- | |||
!Object→<br>Subject↓ | |||
!1<sup>st</sup> singular | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup> singular | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup> singular | |||
!1<sup>st</sup> dual | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup> dual | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup> dual | |||
!1<sup>st</sup> plural | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup> plural | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup> plural | |||
|- | |||
!1<sup>st</sup> singular | |||
|— | |||
|-ne | |||
|-oqe | |||
|-vei | |||
|-noi | |||
|-oi | |||
|-are | |||
|-nne | |||
|-ute | |||
|- | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup> singular | |||
|-ao | |||
|— | |||
|-oqo | |||
|-veo | |||
|-noo | |||
|-oo | |||
|-aro | |||
|-nno | |||
|-uto | |||
|- | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup> singular | |||
|-aa | |||
|-na | |||
|-a | |||
|-via | |||
|-nua | |||
|-ua | |||
|-ara | |||
|-nna | |||
|-uta | |||
|- | |||
!1<sup>st</sup> dual | |||
|-rau | |||
|-nau | |||
|-oqau | |||
|— | |||
|-nou | |||
|-oau | |||
|-arau | |||
|-nnu | |||
|-utau | |||
|- | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup> dual | |||
|-ava | |||
|-rva | |||
|-oqa | |||
|-vea | |||
|— | |||
|-oa | |||
|-arva | |||
|-nna | |||
|-uca | |||
|- | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup> dual | |||
|-aai | |||
|-nai | |||
|-ai | |||
|-veai | |||
|-noai | |||
|-oai | |||
|-arai | |||
|-nnai | |||
|-utai | |||
|- | |||
!1<sup>st</sup> plural | |||
|-attu | |||
|-nettu | |||
|-ettu | |||
|-vettu | |||
|-nottu | |||
|-ottu | |||
|— | |||
|-urtu | |||
|-uttu | |||
|- | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup> plural | |||
|-ratu | |||
|-nertu | |||
|-rettu | |||
|-rvetu | |||
|-nortu | |||
|-rattu | |||
|-rettu | |||
|— | |||
|-ortu | |||
|- | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup> plural | |||
|-kaci | |||
|-necci | |||
|-keci | |||
|-vecci | |||
|-nocci | |||
|-koci | |||
|-acci | |||
|-nucci | |||
|-kucci | |||
|- | |||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||