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== Phonology == | |||
p ph b bh t th d dh c ch g gh mm m mh nn n ll l rr r f fh s sh h (mh only in Camalanàbha loans) | |||
Old Bhadhaghanábha was notable for having the cross-linguistically very rare aspirated fricative /fʰ/. | |||
all the literally read Irish vowels + eao which only occurs in CN loans. Unlike in Irish, Vi vowels and ao can occur in open syllables. | |||
==Grammar== | |||
Marked nominative ''le'' | |||
Possessive suffixes: ''-an, -adh, -sha, -aine, -aidhe, -ama'' | |||
Verbs: | |||
* present indep ''-an, -adh, -0, -aine, -aidhe, -ú'' | |||
* past: -ta, -tha, -sa + pres indep suffixes | |||
* present dep ''-ar'' (sometimes related to PIE *-ōr) | |||
* past dep ''-mann'' | |||
Gen+noun, adj+noun, noun+complementizer, construct state | |||
The relativizer is ''an''. The complementizer is ''ann'', with construct state form ''anna''. ''Ann'' is used when the complement clause has the same subject as the main clause. | |||
Old PN has no definite article unlike Modern PN. | |||
In independent clauses with 3rd person subjects, Old Padmanábha is V2. In dependent clauses it's SOV. | |||
''Dóish an athall-gha teola'' = The tree which knows everything (lit. the edge of the world) | |||
''Le Praimhín larbha séicthe reiste.'' - Praimhín's dog ate the bone. | |||
''Rinbhrainnean Praimhín larbha anna reiste séicmann.'' - I believe Praimhín's dog ate the bone. (séicmhann = "gegessen hat" but no person inflection) | |||
''Fhas blaoighte annan lorsafhaodh séicmann.'' - He explained that I ate the salad. | |||
''Rinbhrainnean ann/annan lorsafhaodh séicmann.'' - I believe that I ate the salad. | |||
== Lexicon == | |||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
animal: sraim | |||
arm: teanf | |||
asafoetida: lorsa | |||
back: míolbh | |||
bark: cior | |||
belly: tái | |||
big: stéith | big: stéith | ||
bird: chuar | bird: chuar | ||
blood: shóbha | blood: shóbha | ||
bone: reist | bone: reist | ||
breast: srofht | |||
brother: feadhan | |||
child: stíotha | |||
dog: larbh | |||
ear: dígh | |||
east: néil | |||
egg: nosha | |||
elbow: úraifh | |||
end: gleibh | |||
endless: gleibhúdh | |||
eye: éidhme | |||
fat: suille | fat: suille | ||
father: aithnidh | |||
fear: faoithe | |||
feather: gcoít | feather: gcoít | ||
fingernail: sciofhth | |||
fish: déimme | |||
flower: leog | |||
fly (insect): gofhd | |||
foot: reithe | |||
forest: ríne | |||
frost: seoraí | |||
fruit: thama | |||
grass: rúiche | |||
guts: dlinneach | |||
hair: núcha | hair: núcha | ||
hand: flúi | |||
head: snith | head: snith | ||
heart: luisce | |||
heat: paeth | |||
horn: nairth | |||
human: ládhan | |||
husband: sleith-beathra | |||
illness: mhúr | |||
in (preposition): la | |||
infinity: gleibhúcht | |||
island: misheafh | |||
knee: lionn | |||
leaf: aisc | |||
leg: deocha | |||
liver: steói | |||
long: maol | |||
louse: h-úmdha | |||
man: beathra | |||
meat: ceith | |||
mother: eimnidh | |||
mouth: iacha | |||
narrow: cuacharta | |||
neck: laoiphe | |||
night: ífh | |||
north: uibhre | |||
nose: gíne | nose: gíne | ||
plough: charth (<- Proto-Semitic ḥrθ) | |||
red: símm | |||
ride: roghbha | |||
river: gangá (from Camalanàbha) | |||
root: dhóife | |||
rope: bhuaid | |||
seed: páilbh | |||
shadow: lunasf | |||
short: tlám | |||
sister: saon | |||
skin: geabh | |||
small: mionn (<- Latin minimus) | |||
snake: fhaost | |||
snow: seor | |||
soul: neafhsh (<- Proto-Semitic nps) | |||
south: teashamm | |||
star: seall | |||
stick: cuath | |||
tail: haoi | |||
thick: scúil | |||
thin: h-áfhl | |||
to (preposition): eis | |||
to come: eiseoth | |||
to live: chaíofh (<- Proto-Semitic ḥyw); seir | |||
to rise: gaom (<- Proto-Semitic qwm) | |||
to sleep: huaileas | |||
to smell: muir | |||
to stand: eobhan | |||
tongue: dhúra | |||
tooth: steang | tooth: steang | ||
tree: dóish | |||
west: spargh | |||
wide: rao | |||
wife: sleith-fháishe | |||
wind: sithfhe | |||
wing: cheam | |||
with (preposition): ro | |||
woman: fháishe | |||
word: aimhreas | |||
worm: gán | |||
swan: lúibhean | |||
neábha 'to drink' | neábha 'to drink' | ||
séic 'to eat' | séic 'to eat' | ||
tumhadh 'to bite' | tumhadh 'to bite' | ||
scéim 'to suck' | |||
fiara 'to spit, to eject' | fiara 'to spit, to eject' | ||
fiara néitheasach 'to vomit' | fiara néitheasach 'to vomit' | ||
fíosha 'to blow' | fíosha 'to blow' | ||
stúime 'to breathe' | |||
sraoth 'to laugh' | sraoth 'to laugh' | ||
bhfeirthe 'to see' | bhfeirthe 'to see' | ||
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teola 'to know' | teola 'to know' | ||
bhrainne 'to think' | bhrainne 'to think' | ||
bhlaoigh 'to illuminate, to explain' | |||
</poem> | |||
==Etymologies== | ==Etymologies== | ||
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