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Chlouvānem/Verbs: Difference between revisions
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** It uses analytic constructions for most moods, e.g. ''najallenovake'' "can happen" > ''najallenovē'' "it can happen"; ''najalledaudike'' "to be wanted to happen" > ''najalledaudiute'' "I want it to happen" — forms such as the synthetic ''najelai'' or ''najæliašute'' are found only in archaic (mostly pre-Classical) texts or with other uses - as e.g. ''najelai'' being the most common word for "maybe". | ** It uses analytic constructions for most moods, e.g. ''najallenovake'' "can happen" > ''najallenovē'' "it can happen"; ''najalledaudike'' "to be wanted to happen" > ''najalledaudiute'' "I want it to happen" — forms such as the synthetic ''najelai'' or ''najæliašute'' are found only in archaic (mostly pre-Classical) texts or with other uses - as e.g. ''najelai'' being the most common word for "maybe". | ||
The following section lists the most common analytic constructions in Chlouvānem; they are either verbs requiring a subjunctive clause argument or true auxiliary verbs, requiring an infinitive and taking all inflections that would have been on the lexical verbs. | |||
===Main verbs with subjunctive arguments=== | |||
* ''perfective subjunctive'' | * ''perfective subjunctive'' + ''lā'' + ''jalle'' in the past or future tense: analytic pluperfect and future perfect (the bare perfect is used instead in literature and in common speech, especially to replace the pluperfect): | ||
* | *: ''yųlētate lā nīvau'' "I had eaten"
| ||
* | *: ''yųlētate lā jalṣyam'' "I will have eaten" | ||
* ''imperfective subjunctive'' | * ''imperfective subjunctive'' + ''lā'' + ''jalle'' in the needed tense: analytic construction for the progressive aspect. In the present, ''jalle'' can be omitted if needed [[Chlouvānem/Syntax#Zero-copular_sentences|(see the corresponding section in Syntax)]]. | ||
* | *: ''yųlatite lā ū'' "I am eating" | ||
* | *: ''yųlatite lā nīvau'' "I was eating" | ||
* | *: ''yųlatite lā jalṣyam'' "I will be eating" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''ñǣɂake'' (to be used to): | * ''subjunctive'' + interior forms of ''męlike'' (to give): to do X in advance; when used with the perfective subjunctive it can also have a pluperfect meaning. | ||
* | *: ''yųlatite męliru'' "I eat in advance" | ||
* | *: ''yųlētate męlirau'' "I ate in advance" → "I had already eaten" | ||
* | * ''imperfective subjunctive'' + ''daudike'' (to want): to want to X (alternative to the desiderative ''junya'', especially common in the Northeast). If the triggered argument is the same and the trigger is agent-trigger on both verbs, it can be omitted in the subjunctive one. It is different from the desiderative in that the two verbs can have different triggers. | ||
* | *: ''kulati(te) daudyute'' "I want to talk" (cf. ''šukilyute'') | ||
*: ''kulīte daudyute'' "I want him/her to talk" | |||
* | * ''imperfective subjunctive'' (less commonly ''infinitive'') + ''novake'' (to be able to): can X (non-ambiguous alternative to the potential ''junya''). | ||
* ''infinitive'' ( | *: ''dratite novē'' or ''dṛke novute'' "I can do [it]" (cf. ''dadrenānute'') | ||
* | * ''imperfective subjunctive'' + ''širgake'' (to be possible): may X (non-ambiguous alternative to the potential ''junya''). | ||
*: ''dratite šergē'' "I may do [it]" (cf. ''dadrenānute'') | |||
* | ===Constructions with auxiliary verbs=== | ||
** '' | * ''infinitive'' + ''ñǣɂake'' (to be used to): analytic construction for habitual actions in present, past, or future tense; the perfect tenses focus on the result. Note that multidirectional motion verbs in the present tense already have this meaning compared to the monodirectional ones. | ||
* '' | *: ''yaive prājānye yæyake ñǣɂute'' "I am used to read every evening." | ||
* | *: ''yaive prājānye yæyake ñǣɂaute'' "I used to read every evening." | ||
* | *: ''yaive prājānye yæyake ñǣɂiṣyaṃte'' "I will be used to read every evening." | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''paṣmišake'' (to look further away): to let X | *: ''yaive prājānye yæyake añǣɂaṃte'' "I got used to read every evening." | ||
* | *: ''yaive prājānye yæyake añǣɂāltaṃte'' "I will get used to read every evening." | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''mālchake'' (to run (multidirectional)): to keep X-ing (less formal alternative to ''mai-'' | * ''infinitive'' (in more formal language ''perfective subjunctive'') + ''kitte'' (to put): to keep X-ed. | ||
* | *: ''valde kitē'' "it is kept opened" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''nūkkhe'' (to mount (unidirectional)): to be still X-ing | *: ''valdēt kitē'' "it is kept opened" | ||
* | ''infinitive'' + ''nartalulke'' (to reach): to come to X, to end up X-ing, to result in X-ing. | ||
* '' | *: ''yųlake nartateliven'' "(s)he ends up eating" | ||
*: ''lañšijilde nartadāmirdat'' "they ended up marrying each other" | |||
* '' | *: ''valde nartailīsa'' "it has resulted in it being open" | ||
* | * ''infinitive'' + either ''įstyāke'' (to hang from) or less commonly ''maityāke'' (to be in front of): prospective aspect. | ||
* | *: ''yųlake įstetimu'' "I am about to eat" | ||
* | *: ''yæyake maitimē'' "it is about to be read" | ||
* ''infinitive'' + '' | * ''infinitive'' + ''paṣmišake'' (to look further away): to let X (same meaning as the permissive ''junya''). | ||
** '' | *: ''sū yæyake paṣṭemešu'' "I let you read" (cf. permissive ''sū īyæyūdute'') | ||
* ''infinitive'' + ''mālchake'' (to run (multidirectional)): to keep X-ing (less formal alternative to many instances of ''mai-'' verbs). | |||
*: ''nanau yæyake mālchute'' "I keep reading that" (cf. ''nanau maiteyæyu'') | |||
* ''infinitive'' + ''nūkkhe'' (to mount (unidirectional)): to be still X-ing. | |||
*: ''tatyāke nūkhute'' "I'm still standing" | |||
*: ''yųlake nūkhiṣyate'' "(s)he will still be eating" | |||
* ''infinitive'' + ''prigirake'' (to move backwards): to redo X, to do X again. | |||
*: ''dhulte pritegeru'' "I rewrite, write [it] again" | |||
* ''infinitive'' + ''nåndike'' (to suddenly feel the need to) | |||
*: ''yæyake anåndyaṃte'' "I have suddenly felt the need to read." | |||
*: ''šudhulte nåndyekte'' "(s)he suddenly felt the need to write [it] down." | |||
* ''infinitive'' + ''pidyåjyake'' (to float in the air facing something (monodirectional)): to feel like X-ing | |||
*: ''dorṣire taili ħaṇu yųlake pindeyåjyu'' "I want to/feel like eating an insane amount of candy/halva" | |||
*: ''mūmikke gu pindayejyau ša'' "I didn't feel like dancing" | |||
==Adverbs== | ==Adverbs== | ||