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→Uses of the passive
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=====Uses of the passive===== | =====Uses of the passive===== | ||
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements | Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements. | ||
: | |||
{{interlinear| number=1.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Tetërur seun tīn iūs.'' | |||
| tet-ërur se-un tīn-Ø iūs | |||
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well | |||
|'This tea tastes good (lit. 'it drinks well').'}} | |||
{{interlinear| number=1.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Tetërur seun tīn iūs.'' | |||
| tet-'''ēlārur''' se-un tīn-Ø iūs | |||
|drink-'''PAS.3SG.E''' this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well | |||
|'This tea is drunk often.'}} | |||
While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]]. | |||
{{interlinear| number=2.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Praescenduēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun.'' | |||
| praescend-'''uēlāre''' ūl-un cav-'''ā''' īliān-'''ā''' hān-un | |||
|rebuild-'''PFV.PAS.3SG.E''' yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-'''ABL.SG''' Ilianus-'''C.ABL.SG''' temple-NOM.SG | |||
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana.'}} | |||
The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. | The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. | ||
{{interlinear| number= | {{interlinear| number=3.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mïquītur.'' | ||
| mïqu-ītur | | mïqu-ītur | ||
|die-MID.3PL.T | |die-MID.3PL.T | ||
|'They are dead/dying.'}} | |'They are dead/dying.'}} | ||
{{interlinear| number= | {{interlinear| number=3.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mïquiēlātur.'' | ||
| | | miqu-'''iēlātur''' | ||
|die-PAS.3PL.T | |die-'''PAS.3PL.T''' | ||
|'There are people dead/dying.'}} | |'There are people dead/dying.'}} | ||
{{interlinear| number= | {{interlinear| number=4.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mūderra (sea) ardïna indëris alta.'' | ||
| mūd-erra (se-a) ard-ïna indër-is alt-a | | mūd-erra (se-a) ard-ïna indër-is alt-a | ||
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG | |not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG | ||
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}} | |'This is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}} | ||
{{interlinear| number= | {{interlinear| number=4.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mūdēlārra ardïna indëris alta.'' | ||
| mūd-ēlārra ard-ïna indër-is alt-a | | mūd-'''ēlārra''' ard-ïna indër-is alt-a | ||
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG | |not.enough-'''PAS.3SG.C''' wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG | ||
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}} | |'There is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}} | ||
Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable even or outcome. | Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable even or outcome. | ||
{{interlinear| number= | {{interlinear| number=5.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Cōmërī rëquentus füruēlō sopërī.'' | ||
| cōmër-ī rëqu-ent-us für-'''uēlō''' sopër-ī | | cōmër-ī rëqu-ent-us für-'''uēlō''' sopër-ī | ||
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-'''PFV.PAS.1SG''' snow-ABL.SG | |home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-'''PFV.PAS.1SG''' snow-ABL.SG | ||