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=====Uses of the passive=====
=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject.  It is never used in verbal complements (e.g. '''''tetërur seun tīn iūs''''' 'this tea tastes good' (lit. 'drinks well') vs. '''''tetēlārur seun tīn iūs''''' 'this tea is drank often').  While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject.  It is never used in verbal complements.
:* '''''praescandu<u>ēlāre</u>''' ūlun '''cav<u>ā</u> īliān<u>ā</u>''' hānun appū qetlīnsūvantlīcöloccin ubrū''
 
:::'That temple '''<u>was</u> rebuilt''' '''<u>by</u> Cava Iliana''' in their thirty-eight year.'
{{interlinear| number=1.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Tetërur seun tīn iūs.''
| tet-ërur se-un tīn-Ø iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good (lit. 'it drinks well').'}}
 
{{interlinear| number=1.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Tetërur seun tīn iūs.''
| tet-'''ēlārur''' se-un tīniūs  
|drink-'''PAS.3SG.E''' this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often.'}}
 
While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].
 
{{interlinear| number=2.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Praescenduēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun.''
| praescend-'''uēlāre''' ūl-un cav-'''ā''' īliān-'''ā''' hān-un
|rebuild-'''PFV.PAS.3SG.E''' yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-'''ABL.SG''' Ilianus-'''C.ABL.SG''' temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana.'}}
 
The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''.  This structure may is used to make general statements or observations.
The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''.  This structure may is used to make general statements or observations.


{{interlinear| number=2.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mïquītur.''
{{interlinear| number=3.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mïquītur.''
| mïqu-ītur  
| mïqu-ītur  
|die-MID.3PL.T
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}
|'They are dead/dying.'}}


{{interlinear| number=2.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mïquiēlātur.''
{{interlinear| number=3.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mïquiēlātur.''
| mïqu-iēlātur  
| miqu-'''iēlātur'''
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|die-'''PAS.3PL.T'''
|'There are people dead/dying.'}}
|'There are people dead/dying.'}}


{{interlinear| number=3.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mūderra (sea) ardïna indëris alta.''
{{interlinear| number=4.a.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mūderra (sea) ardïna indëris alta.''
| mūd-erra (se-a) ard-ïna indër-is alt-a  
| mūd-erra (se-a) ard-ïna indër-is alt-a  
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}}
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}}


{{interlinear| number=3.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mūdēlārra ardïna indëris alta.''
{{interlinear| number=4.b.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta; | top=''Mūdēlārra ardïna indëris alta.''
| mūd-ēlārra ard-ïna indër-is alt-a  
| mūd-'''ēlārra''' ard-ïna indër-is alt-a  
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|not.enough-'''PAS.3SG.C''' wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}}
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital.'}}


Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable even or outcome.
Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable even or outcome.
{{interlinear| number=4.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta;  | top=''Cōmërī rëquentus füruēlō sopërī.''
{{interlinear| number=5.) | style2 = color:DarkMagenta;  | top=''Cōmërī rëquentus füruēlō sopërī.''
| cōmër-ī rëqu-ent-us für-'''uēlō''' sopër-ī
| cōmër-ī rëqu-ent-us für-'''uēlō''' sopër-ī
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-'''PFV.PAS.1SG''' snow-ABL.SG
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-'''PFV.PAS.1SG''' snow-ABL.SG
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