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{{art}}
[[Tseer/Lexicon]] <br/>
[[Tseer/Lexicon]] <br/>
[[Lakovic languages/Swadesh list|Swadesh list for Tseer]]<br/>
[[Lakovic languages/Swadesh list|Swadesh list for Tseer]]<br/>
[[Tseer/Sketchbook]]
[[Tseer/Sketchbook]]
:''This article describes Classical Tseer. See [[Tseer]] for Modern Tseer.''


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = døludx Tseer
|nativename = dølud Tseer
|pronunciation =   
|pronunciation =   
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Talma
|region = Talma
|familycolor=lakovic
|familycolor=lakovic
|fam1=Lakovic
|fam1=[[Lakovic]]
|script=Tseer script
|script=Tseer script
|iso3=
|iso3=
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}}
}}


Tseer was a prominent classical language of Talma, second to [[Windermere]]; it left a significant influence on [[Windermere]] and [[Skellan]].
'''Tseer''' (natively ''dølud Tseer'' [d̪ɵˈluð t͡sɛ̃r̝]) is a classical language of Talma, second to [[Naeng]]; it left a significant influence on [[Scellan]] and [[Naeng]]. It is aesthetically inspired by Somali, Polish, Hmong and Vietnamese and grammatically inspired by Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and Irish.
==Todo==
*Needs some vowel shifts
**ø occurs when a (but not ä) is u-umlauted: *taafu > tøøfu
*p > f
*final -g, -w disappear
*ś, g > kh /x/
*s- > t /t/
*-s > -x
*š-, y- > x-
*c, ć > tx, ts
*t- > th /T/
*CäC- > CC- in Wdm and CaC- in Tseezh


Numbers: don, oorad, txim, khaag, omøøtx, dag, abood, xev, wooj, thab, taxaa, trøg
Tseer is the language of parts of the Fornloíd and other philosophical, historical and literary texts from Ancient Tseer civilization, and it is also the language of some Pidaic texts.  Today Classical Tseer survives in liturgical use in Mărotłism.


''thanam'' = ice
The predominant vernacular of the Fnüeng dynasty was no longer Classical Naeng, but a form of Tseer. When the Naeng Empire fell in 1004 fT in the aftermath of the Jeodganite-Ngedhraist Revolt, many Tseeric- and Talmic-speaking peoples newly settled in the land. These Tseeric vernaculars represented variation that already existed in the originally Tseer-speaking area. These Tseeric vernaculars were already separate languages by then. Neo-Tseer languages and [[Vornian]] are the only modern Talman languages with phonemic retroflex stops.


''tawsuug'' = example
==Todo==
Wdm and Tseer: like Hebrew and Aramaic?


''odoxmed'' = ??? (''odosméd'' = 'byproduct' in Eevo)
Nasal vowel dissimilation rule for prefixes (no nasal before nasal)


nasal vowels merge with nonnasal vowels before m/n/ng/l?
Grammatical schwebeablaut (CVCC and CCVC root alternations) in verbs


Final -ng disappears leaving nasalization (as in Skellan)
==Diachronics==
Compared to Classical Naeng, Classical Tseer has more conservative vowels but less conservative consonants.


''hox'' = angle
Unlike Naeng, Tseer merged *H and *F (into **φ) and vocalized some laryngeals in clusters, namely *Q, *H, *F but not *X. It also merged PLak *a and *ā into /a/.


''thamex'' = side
Vocalized *f, vowels which were colored by *f, and u-umlaut of /a/  and /e/ are the main sources of /ø/ in Tseer.


''ba<gon>aakh'' = proportion, ratio
The laryngeals *X produced breathy vowels, which eventually became nasal vowels.


''anxoofay'' = climate
*Nasal vowels merge with nonnasal vowels before m/n/ng/l
*Final -ng disappears leaving nasalization (as in Scellan)
*p > f
*final -g, -w disappear
*ś, g > kh /x/
*s- > *θ > t /t/
*š-, y- before short a > x-
*y- elsewhere > d-
*t- > dh /D/
*-s > -x, *s backs to s following ruki; feminine -s becomes -kh or -r
*c, ć > tx, ts
*CäC- > CaC-


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Classical Tseer has 21 phonemic consonants: Syllable-final ''v dh'' are allophones of /b d/, and syllable final ''b d g'' are allophones of /p t k/.
Classical Tseer has 22 phonemic consonants. Syllable-final ''v ð'' are allophones of /b d/, and syllable final ''b d g'' are allophones of /p t k/.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
m n ng /ŋ/
! colspan="2" |
 
!  |Labial
t th /ʈ/ k ' /ʔ/
!  |Dental/Alv.
 
!  |Retroflex
b d dh /ɖ/ g
!  |Palatal
 
!  |Velar
f x /s~z/ kh /x/ h
!  |Glottal
 
|-
tx /ts/ ts /tʃ/
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
 
| '''m''' /m/
v ð /ð/ (only syllable finally)
| '''n''' /n{{den}}/
 
|
w r /r̝~ʒ/ l y /j/
|
 
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
;Notes
|
*/x/ is [ʂ] in some dialects
|-
*b d g = [p t k] word-finally.
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d{{den}}/
| '''dh''' /ɖ/
|
| '''g''' [g]
|
|-
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| ('''p''' /p/)
| '''t''' /t{{den}}/
| '''th''' /ʈ/
|
| '''c''' /k/
| <b>'</b> /ʔ/
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
|
| '''tx''' /t{{den}}s{{den}}/
| '''ts''' /tʂ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''x''' /s{{den}}/
| '''s''' /ʂ/
|
| '''kh''' /x/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' [v]
| '''ð''' [ð]
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''r''' /r{{raised}}/, '''l''' /l{{den}}/
| '''dh''' [ɭ]
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Classical Tseer has 10 vowels: 6 oral and 4 nasal.
Tseer has 10 vowels: 6 oral and 4 nasal.


'''a e i o u ø''' /a e i o u ɵ/  
'''a e i o u ø''' /a e i o u ɵ/  
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===Stress===
===Stress===
Classical Tseer had consistent final stress, like Classical Windermere.
Classical Tseer had weak final stress.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
No initial clusters are allowed; also, final -p -t -th -k are forbidden.
Initial clusters are somewhat less common than in Naeng; also, final -p -t -th -k are forbidden. However, final clusters are allowed unlike in Naeng.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Classical Tseer morphology is much like [[Windermere/Classical|Classical Windermere]]: nouns have masculine and feminine gender, and verbs inflect for aspect, tense, voice, and gender agreement using prefixes, infixes and reduplication.
Classical Tseer morphology is much like [[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]]: nouns pluralize by reduplication, and verbs inflect for aspect, tense, voice, and person agreement using prefixes, infixes and reduplication.  
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!|
!|
!I!!we (inc. du.)!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!we (exc.)!!we (inc. pl.)!!you (m. pl.)!!you (f. pl.)!!they (m.)!!they (f.)
!I (m.)!!we (inc. du.)!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!we (exc.)!!we (inc. pl.)!!you (pl.)!!they
|-
|-
!|Full pronouns
!|Full pronouns
|''aar''||''baa''||''khen''||''kheex''||''in''||''eex''||''aarar''||''baaba''||''kheekhe''||''kheekhex''||''inin''||''inix''
||''ree''||''baa''||''khen''||''kheer''||''in''||''eer''||''aari''||''baaba''||''kheekhe''||''inin''
|-
!|Possessive/Object Suffixes
||''-ri'', ''-iri''||''-am''||''-kh, -ekh''||''-kher''||''-in''||''-er''||''-ar''||''-aba''||''-akhe''||''-anin''
|-
!|Predicative Suffixes
|''-re''
|''-b''
||''-nekh''||''-sekh''
||''-nin''||''-sir''
|rowspan=2|''-mari''
|rowspan=2|''-maba''
|rowspan=2|''-makhe''
|rowspan=2|''-manin''
|}
 
* Full pronouns are used as subjects of verbal sentences, and subjects of "is-the" predicative sentences.
* Possessive and object suffixes are used as possessive pronouns on nouns and direct object affixes on verbs.
* Predicative suffixes are used on predicate nouns in "is-a" predicative sentences.
 
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!|
!I (m.)!!I (f.)!!we (inc. du.)!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!we (exc.)!!we (inc. pl.)!!you (pl.)!!they
|-
!|Possessive/Object Suffixes
|colspan=2|''aafuri'' 'my child' ||''aafuam''||''aafukh''||''aafukher''||''aafuin''||''aafuer''||''aafuri''||''aafuaba''||''aafuakhe''||''aafuanin''
|-
!|Predicative Suffixes
|''aafunire'' 'I am a child'
|''aafusire''
|''aafuba'' 'we are children'
||''aafunekh''||''aafusekh''
||''aafunin''||''aafusir''
|rowspan=2|''aafumari''
|rowspan=2|''aafumaba''
|rowspan=2|''aafumakhe''
|rowspan=2|''aafumanin''
|}
|}
Note: is-the uses the zero copula "FOCUS TOPIC" construction: '*I* am the child' is ''Ree aafu''.


===Correlatives===
===Correlatives===
Todo: correlatives table
Todo: correlatives table


this, that = ''ti, fi''
* this.M, that.M = ''ten, fen''
 
* this.F, that.F = ''teer, feer''
this/that man = ''ten, fen''; this/that woman = ''teex, feex''
* these, those = ''sti, sfi''


here, there = ''mid, mif''
here, there = ''mid, mif''


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Like [[Windermere/Classical|Classical Windermere]], each noun has an intrinsic gender, either masculine or feminine. For most feminine nouns, the feminine is marked with ''-x'' (pronounced [z] after ''V m n l r y v dh b d g'', [əz] after ''x tx ts th'' and [s] after ''f kh'').
*''ativ'' = son-in-law; ''ativx'' = daughter-in-law
*''bakhoo'' = uncle; ''bakhoox'' = aunt
*''athaay'' = lion; ''athaayx'' = lioness
Plurals are formed by reduplication with the reduplicant modified for phonotactic or euphonic reasons.
Plurals are formed by reduplication with the reduplicant modified for phonotactic or euphonic reasons.


Line 125: Line 208:


TODO: plural reduplication rules
TODO: plural reduplication rules
Tseer has a suffixed definite article ''-wi''. The indefinite is unmarked.


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Verb template====
====Verb template====
feminine-TAM-pluractionality-voice-ROOT?
feminine-TAM-pluractionality-voice-ROOT-TAM
 
====Agreement====
Feminine subject: ''wa-''
 
:''Nutx-ir ownax'' /nutsir ownas/ = I loved the girl (male speaker)
:''Wanutx-ir ownax'' /wanutsir ownas/ = I loved the girl (female speaker)


====Voice====
====Voice====
*Passive: ''haa-'' (~ Windermere ''ha-'')
*Passive: ''ra-''
*Reflexive/Reciprocal: {{angbr|''ax''}} (~ Wdm {{angbr|''iș''}})
* Causative ''la-'' (Wdm verbalizer ''lă-'')


====Verbal number====
====Verbal number====
Pluractionality is used when a verb is done multiple times or done to multiple objects.
Pluractionality is used when a verb is done multiple times or done to multiple objects.


Pluractionality: ''Fe-'', ''FeL-'', ''eeFe-'' or ''eeFeL-'' (cf. Windermere frequentative ''enFă-'')
Pluractionality: ''e(e)Fe-'' or ''e(e)FeL-'' (cf. Naeng frequentative ''enFă-'')
 
In Modern Tseer pluractionality is marked by pluralizing the verbal noun.


====TAM====
====TAM====
Aspects/Tenses:
Aspects in early Tseer were reinterpreted as tense + telicity in Classical Tseer.
*Perfective aspect: unmarked
*Perfective aspect -> Telic past: if marked, ''-aa'' (from *-H)
*Intensive: ''tho-'', ~ Wdm. ''thu-''
*Imperfective -> Atelic past: if marked, reduplication
*Imperfective aspect: ''le-'' or reduplication
**no wa- for feminine, but it can become part of a preverb?
*Progressive: ''oL-'', ''oo-'' (~ Wdm. ''ăL-'', Modern ''oL-'' with non-past meaning)
*Inceptive -> Atelic nonpast: ''sa-''
*Jussive: ''af-'' (~ Wdm. ''hef-''; Modern Tseer uses ''xa-'' for imperative)
*Intensive -> Telic nonpast: ''tho-'', ~ Wdm. ''thu-''
 
The citation form is the perfective or telic past form. For the verb ''dagoo'' 'he wrote', these forms are ''dagoo'', ''dadagoo/ledagoo'', ''sadagoo'' and ''thodagoo''.
 
The progressive ''oo-'' also existed in Early Tseer and was added to the imperfective stem, but it was deleted. This explains the lack of feminine ''wa-'' in the imperfective form.


==Derivation==
The imperative is marked with a particle ''fa'' (m sg) or ''faw'' (f sg): ''fa thodagoo toyab'' = 'write a book (to a man)'; ''eer faw thodagoo toyab'' = let her write a book (perf)'.
Reconstruct more derivational morphology in PLak!
 
*''{{angbr|r}}'' = patientive
A Tseer verb may have marked perfectives with ''-aa'' and unmarked imperfectives, or marked imperfectives (with reduplication) and unmarked perfectives.
*''{{angbr|kh}}'' = verbalizer or patientive
 
*''{{angbr|t~d}}'' = applicative
Verbs are negated with ''di'' (in the imperative, by replacing ''fa'' with ''khay'').
*''xi-'' = adjectivizer
 
**''xilakow'' = free, wakoo originally meant 'human'
=== Derivation ===
*''ta-'' = nominalizer
*''xi-'' adjectivizer (~ Wdm. ''yă'')
*''bo-'' = agentive
* -ay- infix: nomz.
*''la-'' = verbalizer
* -ee- or -kh- infix (from {{angbr|X}}): instrument
*(diminutive redup)
* ''ø-'' = negative (from *f-)
*cognates to Wdm derivational redup patterns
* PLak Trigger infixes
*''di-'' = non-
* ''nu-'' = agentive (source of Wdm ''nu-'')
*{{angbr|''a' ''}} (with glottal stop) = non-, un-, de-, dis-
* Nominalizers, verbalizers, instrument, place, etc.
== Syntax ==
Syntax-wise, Tseer is predicate-first, like Lushootseed, due to influence from Classical [[Netagin]].


==Poetry==
==Poetry==
Tseer poetry is based on lines with  
===Rhyme===
*set numbers of syllables, usually with caesurae and stressed metrical feet
 
*the lines rhyme in some rhyme scheme, usually in couplets (aa) or quatrains (aaaa).
===Meter===
Classical Tseer poetry is based on lines with  
*a prescribed number of syllables
*a caesura somewhere in the middle
*the lines rhyme in some rhyme scheme, usually in rhyming couplets (aa) or rhyming quatrains (aaaa).
We use "m+n" to denote a meter of m syllables + caesura + n syllables.
 
Some meters were:
*4+4
*4+6
*5+5
*6+4
*4+7
*6+5
*6+6
*7+7
 
== Sketchbook ==
PLak with H-F merger: **ŋiFt ntor mangār se dak kaFt. "meF raq śenam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangFnung katkaat nataX qemrecal sen Fdān: "šruk day qatsFiw: dak manknas, tap day amFuc tramp, liw qatsalFiw, tak malFuc, Fdān talak." "Fna meF raq, sru XenFden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "GaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratFaŋ, day Fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaFt se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsFŋim šaX pin kaFt pin bindaq PN.
 
Pre-Tseer: (double = breathy) **ŋüüt ntor mangār se dak kååt. "möö raq śen śen?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangönung katkwaat nataa qemrecal sen ödān: "šruk day qatsüüw: dak manknas, tap day amuuc tramp, liw qatsalüüw, dak maluuc, ödān talak." "öna möö raq, sru eenöden grāt nataa? dambic pin bindaq PN. "Gaŋaa, pin bindaq: cār bindik panrataaŋ, day Fanpsak binkawantik nataa ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaa-kååt se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsFŋim šaa pin kååt pin bindaq PN.
 
(breathy > nasal with ii/öö > ee, üü > øø, uu > oo)
 
"Tseer": ''**Ngøød aathor maagar te dak kood. "Mee ra khekhen?" daabits fi beeda PN. Mi angønoo katkaad nathaa eeretsal ten ødan: "Srug day atsøø! Dag maaknas, tab day amoots thaab, liw atsaløø, dag maloots, ødan thalag." "Øna mee ra, tru enøden khrad nathaa? Daabits fi Beeda PN. "Khangaa, fi Beeda: tsar beedig faarathaa, day Oobsag begwaathig nathaa si fi khrad fi!" "Aruy si kood te tsaroo te thafal fanaw fanaw." eetøngim si fin kood fi Beeda PN.''
 
Wdm: Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid. Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ." "Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid. "Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!" eφθooc φin χaaθ. "Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng φănaw φănaw." esngim șa φin χaaθ φin Pĭda Brăwid.
 
Ter nooma tru bamødee afal noos khekhen dha? dhaaser ta beema sithabeeg. Tomatmaad oolakhaa ten otsaløs baa tothadh!




IlL
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