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As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text", ''nafi'' "stove", ''quirtan'' "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as ''cacatar'' "chameleon", ''gnas'' "measles", ''guende'' "lion" or ''guilem'' "camel", all from Wolof.<br/>
Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian). More common are calques from other Romance languages (or from English or for international words), often with different roots (French calques include for example ''asurori'' "atelier", ''surxoitori'' "to surprise" (surprendre), ''discori'' "DJ" (disquaire), ''partiṭ'' "political party" (partie); English ones include ''peḍi-pilirca'' "football" or ''art cholyiha'' "street art"; internationalisms with differing roots include for example ''supirtaviarna'' "supermarket", ''chastrinsism'' "urbanism", ''guinequism'' "feminism"). There are calques also from other sources, such as the primary Atlantic greeting, ''paix cu tivi'' and the variants ''paix cu vuis'' and ''paix câ sinyuria'' ([may] peace<ref>The most common word for "peace" today is the Greek reborrowing ''ireni'', but in this set phrase ''paix'' is still the only form used.</ref> [be] with you), being a calque of Arabic ''as-salāmu ʿalaykum''<ref>The response, however, is ''i tant cu tivi/cu vuis/câ sinyuria'' (and with you too), which is not a calque.</ref>. | As far as borrowings are concerned, the primary sources of borrowings into Atlantic are Arabic (which was the administrative and cultural languages in the Atlantic Provinces from the 8th to the 15th century) and the Berber languages it has always coexisted with. Arabic borrowings are very common in the sphere of nature and food (''barcuga'' "plum", ''dilfa'' "oleander", ''nilufar'' "water lily", ''mausa'' "banana", ''xarab'' "drink"), geography and especially navigation (the four cardinal points: ''xamal'' "North", ''xarc'' "East", ''janub'' "South", ''garb'' "West"; ''vadi'' "stream"; ''buhaira'' "lagoon"), science and certain crafts (''hicaiat'' "folklore", ''caraba'' "amber", ''quitab'' "scientific text", ''nafi'' "stove", ''quirtan'' "tar"), certain activities and places, especially related to positions of power (''malic'' "king", ''cadi'' "judge", ''said'' "Mr.", ''vasir'' "minister", ''suc'' "market", ''hasis'' "luxury"), while Berber borrowings are more limited to daily life and certain natural formations (''igrem'' "village", ''agadir'' "castle", ''lala'' "Madam", ''tamasirt'' "belongings", ''idurar'' "mountain chain", ''reg'' "rocky desert", ''aga'' "bucket", ''tavalt'' "juniper", ''tasart'' "fig"). Other languages of the Atlantic provinces are mostly represented by borrowings related to nature, as with words such as ''cacatar'' "chameleon", ''gnas'' "measles", ''guende'' "lion" or ''guilem'' "camel", all from Wolof.<br/>
Direct borrowings from other Romance languages are very limited and mostly from Sicilian (''taliori'' "to look at", ''scros'' "unripe", possibly at an earlier time ''charus'' "boy") or Neapolitan (''cucori'' "to lie down", ''turquin'' "light blue, turquoise"), while others are less represented (as with ''avantaix'' "advantage" from French; ''trubori'' "to sing" from Occitan; ''galaria'' "gallery" from Italian). More common are calques from other Romance languages (or from English or for international words), often with different roots (French calques include for example ''asurori'' "atelier", ''surxoitori'' "to surprise" (surprendre), ''discori'' "DJ" (disquaire), ''partiṭ'' "political party" (partie); English ones include ''peḍi-pilirca'' "football" or ''art cholyiha'' "street art"; internationalisms with differing roots include for example ''supirtaviarna'' "supermarket", ''chastrinsism'' "urbanism", ''guinequism'' "feminism"). There are calques also from other sources, such as the primary Atlantic greeting, ''paix cu tivi'' and the variants ''paix cu vuis'' and ''paix câ sinyuria'' ([may] peace<ref>The most common word for "peace" today is the Greek reborrowing ''ireni'', but in this set phrase ''paix'' is still the only form used.</ref> [be] with you), being a calque of Arabic ''as-salāmu ʿalaykum''<ref>The response, however, is ''i tant cu tivi/cu vuis/câ sinyuria'' (and with you too), which is not a calque.</ref>. | ||
The most significant source of learned words is Ancient Greek, due to the modern standard koiné having been developed mostly from Mauritanian dialects but by Illuminism-era linguists which had a fascination for Ancient Greek: such coinages are particularly prominent in the first modern-era Atlantic dictionary (the ''Deixunori dâ Nimba Otrantiha'' of 1766) and most of them have been used in the koiné since, with a select number of them spreading to the everyday language (''guineca'' "woman", ''gliqui'' "sugar", '' | The most significant source of learned words is Ancient Greek, due to the modern standard koiné having been developed mostly from Mauritanian dialects but by Illuminism-era linguists which had a fascination for Ancient Greek: such coinages are particularly prominent in the first modern-era Atlantic dictionary (the ''Deixunori dâ Nimba Otrantiha'' of 1766) and most of them have been used in the koiné since, with a select number of them spreading to the everyday language (''guineca'' "woman", ''gliqui'' "sugar", ''heurimen'' "discovery", ''tir'' "cheese"). Most Ancient Greek reborrowings have however a learned origin, such as ''halma'' "heartbeat", ''apocrima'' "refusal", ''drasi'' "efficacy", ''elaso(n)'' "progress", ''eleuteria'' "freedom", ''elilameni'' "civilization", ''iatria'' "medicine", ''sinfero(n)'' "common cause"). Many internationalisms of Greek origin also maintain a form closer to the original, including neuter gender, ''-ta'' plurals and movable nu when applicable (''tropaio(n)'' "trophy", ''stadio(n)'' "stadium", ''ṭeatro(n)'' "theater", ''helicoptero(n)'' "helicopter").<br/>Often there are doublets of Greek and Latin forms, where the Latin forms are used in more concrete or common senses, while the more abstract senses use the Greek word. For example ''paix'' is used for "peace, calm, tranquillity", while the ideal of peace is ''ireni''; similarly, ''livirṭoṭi'' denotes the absence of momentary constraints, while ''eleuteria'' is the word used for the freedom of a person, a people, or a country. | ||
===Days and months=== | ===Days and months=== | ||
The days of the week in Atlantic derive from the standard pre-Christian Roman names, including, unlike in sister languages, the name for Saturday, which still refers to Saturn: | The days of the week in Atlantic derive from the standard pre-Christian Roman names, including, unlike in sister languages, the name for Saturday, which still refers to Saturn: | ||