Lebanese: Difference between revisions

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Verbal consonantal roots are placed into derived verbal stems, which mainly serve to indicate grammatical voice. This includes various distinctions of reflexivity, passivity, and causativity. Verbs of every pattern have three non-finite forms (one participle, two infinitives), three modal forms (cohortative, imperative, jussive), and two major conjugations (prefixing, suffixing). These two conjugations have different functions. The meaning of the prefixing and suffixing conjugations are also affected by the conjugation‎, and their meaning with respect to tense and aspect is a matter of debate.
Verbal consonantal roots are placed into derived verbal stems, which mainly serve to indicate grammatical voice. This includes various distinctions of reflexivity, passivity, and causativity. Verbs of every pattern have three non-finite forms (one participle, two infinitives), three modal forms (cohortative, imperative, jussive), and two major conjugations (prefixing, suffixing). These two conjugations have different functions. The meaning of the prefixing and suffixing conjugations are also affected by the conjugation‎, and their meaning with respect to tense and aspect is a matter of debate.
The basic root type of the suffixing conjugation is '''qatol''' (other types are much less common). Here is an example of a suffixing conjugation of the verb:
The basic root type of the suffixing conjugation is '''qatol''' (other types are much less common). Here is an example of a suffixing conjugation of the verb:
{|class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |Plural
! colspan="5" |Singular
! colspan="4" |Plural
! rowspan="3" |Meaning
|-
|-
! 𐤐𐤏𐤋 paˁol "to make"
! rowspan="2" |1st Person
! masc. sg.
! colspan="2" |2nd Person
! fem. sg.
! colspan="2" |3rd Person
! masc. pl.
! rowspan="2" |1st Person
! fem. pl.
! colspan="2" |2nd Person
! rowspan="2" |3rd Person
|-
|-
! 1<sup>st</sup>
!M.
| colspan="2" | 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕 paˁalti
!F.
| colspan="2" | 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤍𐤅 paˁalnū
!M.
!F.
!M.
!F.
|-
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup>
|'''paˁol'''
| 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕 paˁalta
|𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤉
| 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕 paˁalti
paˁalti
| 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤉𐤌 paˁaltīm
|𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤀
| 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤉𐤍 paˁalīn
paˁalta
|𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤉
paˁalti
|𐤐𐤏𐤋
paˁol
|𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤀
peˁala
|𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤍𐤅
paˁalnū
|𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤌
paˁaltīm
|𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤍
paˁaltīn
|𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤅
paˁalū
|''made''
|-
|-
! 3<sup>rd</sup>
|'''nepˁal'''
| 𐤐𐤏𐤋 paˁol
|𐤍𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤉
| 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤀 paˁala
nepˁalti
| colspan="2" | 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤅 paˁalū
|𐤍𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤀
nepˁalta
|𐤍𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤉
nepˁalti
|𐤍𐤐𐤏𐤋
nepˁal
|𐤍𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤀
nepˁala
|𐤍𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤍𐤅
nepˁalnū
|𐤍𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤌
nepˁaltīm
|𐤍𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤍
nepˁaltīn
|𐤍𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤅
nepˁalū
|''was made''
|-
|'''peˁil'''
|𐤐𐤏𐤉𐤋𐤕𐤉
peˁilti
|𐤐𐤏𐤉𐤋𐤕
peˁilta
|𐤐𐤏𐤉𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤀
peˁilti
|𐤐𐤏𐤉𐤋
peˁil
|𐤐𐤏𐤉𐤋𐤀
peˁila
|𐤐𐤏𐤉𐤋𐤍𐤅
peˁilnū
|𐤐𐤏𐤉𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤌
peˁiltīm
|𐤐𐤏𐤉𐤋𐤕𐤉𐤍
peˁiltīn
|𐤐𐤏𐤉𐤋𐤅
peˁilū
|''been effective''
|-
|'''paˁul'''
|𐤁𐤏𐤅̄𐤕𐤉
baˁutti
|𐤁𐤏𐤅̄𐤕
baˁutta
|𐤁𐤏𐤅̄𐤕𐤉𐤀
baˁutti
|𐤁𐤏𐤅𐤃
baˁud
|𐤁𐤏𐤅𐤃𐤀
baˁuda
|𐤁𐤏𐤅𐤃𐤍𐤅
baˁudnū
|𐤁𐤏𐤅̄𐤕𐤉𐤌
baˁuttīm
|𐤁𐤏𐤅̄𐤕𐤉𐤍
baˁuttīn
|𐤁𐤏𐤅𐤃𐤅
baˁudū
|''been far from''
|-
|'''piˁēl'''
|𐤇𐤉𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤉
ḥiddēsti
|𐤇𐤉𐤃̇𐤔𐤕
ḥiddēsta
|𐤇𐤉𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤀
ḥiddēsti
|𐤇𐤉𐤃̇𐤔
ḥiddēs
|𐤇𐤉𐤃̇𐤔𐤀
ḥiddēsa
|𐤇𐤉𐤃̇𐤔𐤍𐤅
ḥiddēsnū
|𐤇𐤉𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤌
ḥiddēstīm
|𐤇𐤉𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤍
ḥiddēstīn
|𐤇𐤉𐤃̇𐤔𐤅
ḥiddēsū
|''restored''
|-
|'''puˁal'''
|𐤇𐤅𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤉
ḥuddasti
|𐤇𐤅𐤃̇𐤔𐤕
ḥuddasta
|𐤇𐤅𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤀
ḥuddasti
|𐤇𐤅𐤃̇𐤔
ḥuddas
|𐤇𐤅𐤃̇𐤔𐤀
ḥuddasa
|𐤇𐤅𐤃̇𐤔𐤍𐤅
ḥuddasnū
|𐤇𐤅𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤌
ḥuddastīm
|𐤇𐤅𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤍
ḥuddastīn
|𐤇𐤅𐤃̇𐤔𐤅
ḥuddasū
|''was restored''
|-
|'''yipˁēl'''
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕𐤉
yiqdēsti
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕𐤀
yiqdēsta
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕𐤉
yiqdēsti
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔
yiqdēs
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤀
yiqdēsa
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤍𐤅
yiqdēsnū
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤌
yiqdēstīm
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤍
yiqdēstīn
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤅
yiqdēsū
|''dedicated''
|-
|'''yopˁal'''
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕𐤉
yoqdasti
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕
yoqdasta
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤀
yoqdasti
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔
yoqdas
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤀
yoqdasa
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤍𐤅
yoqdasnū
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤌
yoqdastīm
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤍
yoqdastīn
|𐤉𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤅
yoqdasū
|''was dedicated''
|-
|'''yipˁēl'''
|𐤉𐤕𐤒𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤉
yithqeddēsti
|𐤉𐤕𐤒𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤀
yithqeddēsta
|𐤉𐤕𐤒𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤉
yithqeddēsti
|𐤉𐤕𐤒𐤃̇𐤔
yithqeddēs
|𐤉𐤕𐤒𐤃̇𐤔𐤀
yithqeddēsa
|𐤉𐤕𐤒𐤃̇𐤔𐤍𐤅
yithqeddēsnū
|𐤉𐤕𐤒𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤌
yithqeddēstīm
|𐤉𐤕𐤒𐤃̇𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤍
yithqeddēstīn
|𐤉𐤕𐤒𐤃̇𐤔𐤅
yithqeddēsū
|''dedicated oneself to''
|-
|'''yithpuˁal'''
|𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤅𐤃̇𐤁𐤕𐤉
yithnuddavti
|𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤅𐤃̇𐤁𐤕𐤀
yithnuddavta
|𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤅𐤃̇𐤁𐤕𐤉
yithnuddavti
|𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤅𐤃̇𐤁
yithnuddab
|𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤅𐤃̇𐤁𐤀
yithnuddaba
|𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤅𐤃̇𐤁𐤍𐤅
yithnuddavnū
|𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤅𐤃̇𐤁𐤕𐤉𐤌
yithnuddavtīm
|𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤅𐤃̇𐤁𐤕𐤉𐤍
yithnuddavtīn
|𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤅𐤃̇𐤁𐤅
yithnuddabū
|''made to volunteer''
|-
|-
|}
|}
This form is usually used to mark the perfect or the past tense. The verb agrees with its subject in person, number, and (for the second-person and third-person singular), gender. The corresponding pronouns are not necessarily used in conjunction. The pronominal suffixes can be attached directly to the stem in order to mark a direct object (for example: ''peˁalato'' - "she made it").
This form is usually used to mark the [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] or the past tense but also for the [[w:Optative mood|optative]], though the pattern is a bit different (𐤇𐤉𐤃̇𐤔 ''ḥeddēs'' - "may he restore" from ''ḥiddēs'' - "he restored"). The verb agrees with its subject in person, number, and (for the second-person and third-person singular), gender. The corresponding pronouns are not necessarily used in conjunction. The pronominal suffixes can be attached directly to the stem in order to mark a direct object (for example: ''peˁalato'' - "she made it"). From the suffixing form the [[w:Pluperfect|pluperfect]] is derived: 𐤀𐤇𐤍𐤉𐤊 𐤇𐤔𐤁𐤕𐤉 𐤊𐤍 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤀 ''anīkh ḥasovti kon paˁolo'' "I thought he had done it".


==Writing system==
==Writing system==
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