2,763
edits
m (→The article) |
Jukethatbox (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
(21 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/> | <!--[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/> | ||
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/> | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/> | ||
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/> | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/> | ||
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/> | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/>--> | ||
{{list subpages}} | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|imagesize = | |imagesize = | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | |setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] | ||
|creator= | |creator= User:IlL | ||
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}} | |name = {{SUBPAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = ye Giètem | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= | ||
| | |state = Talma | ||
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers) | |speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers) | ||
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676) | |date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676) | ||
Line 26: | Line 27: | ||
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian). | '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''CHAIT-i-ən''; natively ''Ciètem, ye Giètem'', from Thensarian ''Centimae'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the Tigolic subbranch of Talmic, which also includes [[Eevo]]). It's inspired by Mandarin, German, Occitan, Irish, [[Thedish]], and English (particularly Cockney and Philadelphian). | ||
A close relative is [[Páuluòbeng]]. | A close relative (sometimes considered a dialect) is [[Páuluòbeng]]. [[Anbirese]], a more distant relative, is still somewhat mutually intelligible. | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
* should be Ăn Yidiș gib? | |||
*Change orthography | *Change orthography | ||
* | * No case, Welsh grammar | ||
*'' | *''netzier'' = chain | ||
*''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent! | *''Nian yirastzuòtzìn!'' = I'm innocent! | ||
*'' | *''Srüeil'' = a name (from Sréul) | ||
*'' | *''Sgüeila'' = Skella | ||
*Single vs. double negatives: use both | *Single vs. double negatives: use both | ||
**a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger | **a > ea, e > eo, i > iu in certain conditions - what type of pal'n do these new vowels trigger | ||
***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > '' | ***e.g. ''cell'' 'small' > *cĕoll > ''ciel'' | ||
**already have eo éu iu íu/iú | **already have eo éu iu íu/iú | ||
*Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently. | *Actually palatalization is NOT as simple as this. y ø a o u vs. i ie vs. ia io iu vs ja jo ju je/ĺa ĺo ĺu ĺe affect consonants differently. | ||
*non-initial -gh might die | *non-initial -gh might die | ||
*''mièn | *''mièn àvath'' (this-DEF book) = 'this book' | ||
*Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}} | *Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}} | ||
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/? | *Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/? | ||
*''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' | *''-atz'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' | ||
*''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh) | *''-z'' is one plural suffix (often used for nouns ending in vowels; from palatalized lenited -dh) | ||
*''cht'' > '' | *''cht'' > ''tz'' à la Wenedyk, final slender ''-t'' > ''-cy'' | ||
*sg palatalizes to | *sg palatalizes to /ʃ/ {{angbr|sgi}} | ||
*Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms. | *Etymological doublets from Tigol absolute-conjunct verb forms. | ||
*lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'') | *lianger = dream (< ''leṁar'') | ||
Line 71: | Line 72: | ||
===Intonation=== | ===Intonation=== | ||
Pitch accent? | |||
====Word level==== | ====Word level==== | ||
*A stressed short vowel has a high pitch. | *A stressed short vowel has a high pitch. | ||
Line 89: | Line 91: | ||
{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position. | {{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position. | ||
*'''c g ch''' /k g x/ | *'''c g ch gh''' /k g x ɣ/ | ||
*'''ci gi chi''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/ | *'''ci/cü gi/gü chi/chü/sgi/sgü''' /tʃ dʒ ʃ/ | ||
*'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/ | *'''tz dz s z''' /ts dz s z/ | ||
*'''t d''' /t d/ | *'''t d th dh''' /t d ħ ɣ/ | ||
*'''p b f v''' /p b f w/ | *'''p b f v''' /p b f w/ | ||
*'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj vj/ | *'''pь bь fь vь''' /pj bj fj vj/ | ||
*'''r rr | *'''r rr h m n nь ng l y''' /r r̝ h m n nj ŋ l j/ | ||
**/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/. | **/l/ is velarized when not followed by /i/, /j/, /y/, or /ɥ/. | ||
Line 121: | Line 123: | ||
| '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/ | | '''ì''' /ɪj/, '''ǜ''' /ʏɥ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''u''' /u/ | | '''u''' /u/ | ||
| '''ù''' /ʊw/ | | '''ù''' /ʊw/ | ||
Line 131: | Line 133: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | /ɯː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
Line 150: | Line 152: | ||
|} | |} | ||
[ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants. | [ɨ(ː) ʉ(ː)] are allophones of /i(ː) y(ː)/ after dental and retroflex sibilants. | ||
/ɯː/ is more fully back, unlike [ɨː]. | |||
Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/ | Semivowel onglides: '''i ü u''' /j ɥ w/ | ||
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/ | Diphthongs: '''ai au ei ou iou iei üei''' /ɒj æː äj äw jäw jæj ɥɶj/ | ||
====R-colored vowels==== | ====R-colored vowels==== | ||
(No linking R is used.) | (No linking R is used.) | ||
Line 202: | Line 207: | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Anbirese but with more politeness distinctions | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have less noun declension. | Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. Regiolects usually have more tone and less noun declension. | ||
*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | *The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | ||
Line 283: | Line 268: | ||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small' | |+ Attributive forms of ''cial'' 'small' | ||
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular | ! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n. | ! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n. | ||
Line 295: | Line 280: | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Finite verb inflection==== | |||
==== | All forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are formed from four principal parts: | ||
: | |||
#the present absolute stem | |||
#the imperative stem | |||
#the past stem | |||
#the bare infinitive stem | |||
The forms of a {{PAGENAME}} verb are the following: | |||
*Present tense: PRESENT + ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE | |||
*Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE | |||
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE | |||
*Past tense: PAST + ''-in''; induces split-ergativity | |||
*Imperative: IMPERATIVE | |||
*''-eod'' infinitive: PRESENT + -eod | |||
*bare infinitive: INFINITIVE | |||
There is no aspect distinction. | |||
====Other forms==== | ====Other forms==== | ||
Line 333: | Line 313: | ||
**with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" | **with ''asd'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" | ||
**(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened. | **(nonstandard) with ''ħand'' 'after', indicates that the action just happened. | ||
====Split-ergativity==== | |||
{{PAGENAME}} has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment. | |||
That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object. | |||
Examples: | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Transitive verbs''' | |||
:''Xabin '''u''' na.'' | |||
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG | |||
:'I have eaten.' | |||
:''Xabin '''u''' na n sáeng.'' | |||
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread | |||
:'I have eaten the bread.' | |||
:''A tjéobrjeong '''u''' na n kéolsjang χa.'' | |||
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there | |||
:'But I left the ''glh schanng'' (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.' | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Intransitive verbs''' | |||
:''Eoseong eo már.'' | |||
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL | |||
:'The trees died.' | |||
:''Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.'' | |||
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last | |||
:'Our dogs finally returned.' | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====Strong verbs==== | |||
As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the ''-eod'' infinitive by using ablaut. | |||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== |
edits